Research

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Theory

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Are general explanations that attempt to explain the relationships between observable events(effects) and their origin( causes)

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Operational Definition

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are written for each variable of interest. It gives meaning to a variable by specifying the activities necessary for its measurement

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Variables

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are properties that take on different values- as few as two or an infinite number.

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Blinding

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procedures are processes by which researchers, research assistants, and subjects perform the tasks prescribed by the research plan without knowledge of the research questions or hypothesis

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The Scientific Method

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1. stating the problem: should be clear descript. of the prob. along with rationale for study
2. Formulating the research hypothesis
3. Developing the research method
4. Analyzing results
5. Interupting results

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Interobserver reliability

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is established by measuring the consistency of two or more individuals who independently observe the same event. Typically expected to be 90% or more

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Internal Validity

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is defined as the degrees to which the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variables is observed without the influence of extraneous variables

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External Validity

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refers to the generalizability of research results to other participants and settings-an especially important consideration for transferring research results to clincial practice. Threats- to population validity, to ecological validity

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Institutional Review Board ( IRB)

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are composed of no less than five experts and laypeople with varying backgrounds to ensure a complete and adequate review of research proposals

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Belmont Report

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1979 National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research published the report. It was important because it is the framework for contemporary codes of professional conduct in research

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Three basic ethical principles from the Belmont Report

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1. Distinguished between reserach and practice
2. identified three basic ethical principles
3. Described applications for the three basic principles

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Research Participant

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individuals who have an active role in research study. A participant shold be viewed as a partner or collaborator, not simply a cooperative subject.

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Evidence-based practice

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is a process that aims to provide clients and practioners with the information needed to choose the best procedures for a client's benefit.

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Clincial practice guidelines

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"systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clincial circumstances

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Evidence grading

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is premised on the idea that research designs vary in ability to measure and predict the usefulness of clincial interventions. Other words, higher grades of evidence are more likely to correctly predict outcomes.

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8 attributes for practice guidelines

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1. validity
2. reliability/reproducibility
3. clincial applicability
4. clinical flexibility
5. clarity
6. multidiscplinary process
7. scheduled review
8.documentation

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Sample size

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refers to the total number of participants included in a study. It contributes to the power of a research design.

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power analysis

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the ability of a research study to detect significant treatment effects when they are present.

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effect size

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The choice of ......... for power estimates depends on past experience with similar populations and like dependent variables.

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single group design

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involve observing one group of participants in two or more conditions.

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Random Assignment

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..of subjects to groups usually avoids differential selection effects. In research designs where two or more groups of subjects are compared, important assumption is that the groups are homogenous in all respects.

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Qualitative Research Design

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refers to a family of more than 30 approaches and designs. The label is used generically for approaches to inquiry that depend on elaborated accounts of what we see, hear, taste, touch, smell and experience.

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Normal curve

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t-test is designed for testing hypotheses based on small samples.If samples are large enough , z can test the hypotheses of "no difference" between means. The z-test is based on area under the normal distribution of scores.

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standard deviation

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is derived from the variation. To express variation in the same unit of measurement as the original data, square root of the variation is calculated.

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inferential statist tics

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make conclusions about populations from sample data.

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Basic Elements of a consent form

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1. explanation of procedures
2. risks or discomforts
3. benefits
4. alternative procedures
5. confidentiality
6. termination of participation
7. costs to participants
8. payment for participation
9. questions
10. legal rights
11. patient initials
12. signatures
13. copy for participant
14. additional elements for research for children

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Foundations of Qualitative Research

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1. ethnography
2. phenomenology
3. field research
4. grounded theory
Each approach specifies- role of researcher, stages of research process, methods of data analysis

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Explain nonexperimental studies

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are nonexperimental when there is no control group or multiple measurements and the purpose is something other than determining cause and effect. Most common methods: a) case studies, b) ethnographic designs c)historial design d) correlational design e) dev. designs f) surveys.