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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Any space that is large enough and configured so that a worker can bodily enter and perform assigned work, has a limited or restricted means for entry or exit, and is not designed for continuous human occupancy. |
Confined Space |
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What are the two ways hazards are classified? |
general site specific; also called jurisdictional |
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Hazards that are expected at all confined spaces; such as limited ingress points or hazardous atmospheres. |
General Hazards |
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Hazards that present unique challenges that are specific to a site and may not be common at any other spaces. |
Site specific (jurisdictional) hazards |
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It is important to evaluate all spaces when dealing with? |
Jurisdictional |
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_________ hazards pose the greatest hazard to employees and rescuers. |
Atmospheric |
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______ has established parameters for various hazards to assist in determining what is hazardous and what is not. |
OSHA |
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This is used to evaluate atmospheres in confined spaces. |
Atmospheric monitoring |
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What will determine the need for forced ventilation and the type of respiratory protection required for rescuer safety? |
Sampling the atmosphere |
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When the 02 level is greater than 23.5% |
Oxygen Enriched |
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Normal O2 content? |
20.9% |
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The problem with elevated O2 levels is? |
the hazard for fire is increased |
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Is when the O2 level is less than 19.5%. |
Oxygen deficient |
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Diminished levels of O2 can be caused by several means: What are they? |
consumption absorption displacement |
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__________ of O2 can be from combustion (welding torch), decomposition of organic material, or oxidation (rusting) |
Consumption |
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An example of combustion? |
welding torch |
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An example of oxidation? |
rusting |
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_________ of O2 may be from activated charcoal or other material stored in the space. |
Absorption |
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________ of O2 is generally done internally with the use of inert gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or helium. |
Displacement |
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The space is considered hazardous if the flammability reading is greater than? |
10% of the LFL |
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Combustion only takes place when the concentration is within the flammable range, above the _______ and below the _____. |
Above the LFL below the UFL |
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If the reading is below the UFL, it is considered? |
too rich to burn |
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Rescue teams should not enter spaces where readings are? |
above 10% of the LFL |
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Rescuers should evacuate if readings inside the space exceed? |
10% of the LFL |
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A hazardous environment exists when? |
an atmosphere contains and atmospheric concentration of any chemical substance over its occupational exposure limit. |
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Chemicals above (what) are capable of causing death, incapacitation, or impairment of ability to self rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects. |
their occupational exposure limits |
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Chemicals above their occupational exposure limits are capable of causing? |
death, incapacitation, or impairment of ability to self rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects.
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Some common toxins found in confined spaces are? |
carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide |
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carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide are considered a ___________ but have their greatest effect on the nervous system.
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broad-spectrum poison |
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Is poisonous, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. |
Carbon monoxide |
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Carbon monoxide is a common industrial hazard resulting from?
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the incomplete burning of natural gas and any other material containing carbon. |
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is a colorless flammable extremely hazardous gas with a rotten egg smell at low concentrations. |
Hydrogen Sulfide |
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It occur naturally in crude petroleum and natural gas, it is the breakdown of organic matter and human/animal waste. |
Hydrogen Sulfide |
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It is heavier than air and can collect in low lying and poorly enclose ventilated areas. |
Hydrogen Sulfide |
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Combustible dusts present a hazardous atmosphere when? |
when the concentration of dust meets or exceeds its LFL/ |
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The LFL for combustible dusts are approximated by? |
vision obscurity of 5 feet or less. |
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Example of combustible dust? |
Dust from grains and coal |
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Some of the physical hazards associated within confined spaces are? |
falls instability/debris hazards engulfments damaged utilities |
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What should be done if there is any doubt about a spaces stability? |
it should be secured with cribbing or possibly shoring. |
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Storage facilities that contain large amounts of loose and free flowing materials, such as grain, gravel, sand, or other dry products, present the potential for? |
Engulfment |
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Any equipment that may produce movement and shift materials must be? |
shut off and secured with a lockout/tagout device
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Who should be requested whenever the possibility of a damaged utility exists? |
Utility company |
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In regards to damaged utilities what are some example of serious hazards? |
Damaged exposed electrical wires (electrocution) broken pipes with sharp edges (cutting) free flowing water from damaged pipes (drowning) |
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___________ include mental and physical aspects of human behavior. |
Human Factors |
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Entering a confined space can subject personnel to ? |
claustrophobia or panic |
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Rescuers cannot rely on (what) for their physiological wellbeing. |
the surroundings |
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the sense of security, being in control. |
physiological wellbeing
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The physical aspect is just as important as the? |
mental aspect |
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Lack of (what) is a factor if workers cannot perform a task safely or cannot rescue themselves. |
physical strength |
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What can combine to make rescues slower and more difficult, heighten victims anxiety, and increase the danger facing trapped victims and responders. |
Environmental Hazards |
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Examples of environmental hazards. |
Darkness temperature extremes/adverse weather high noise levels contamination |
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___________ can hide critical factors like slowly rising water levels, falling debris or into unprotected openings. |
Darkness |
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Technical rescue scenes should be (what) to ensure hazards are not hidden. |
Illuminated as brightly as possible |
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what should be used when operating in a space that may contain a flammable or explosive atmosphere. |
Intrinsically safe sources |
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Rainfall may also increase? |
electrical conductivity, increasing the chance for electrocution. |
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When a victim is trapped in extreme cold weather for an extended amount of time the may suffer? |
hypothermia frostbite |
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What can be pumped into cold spaces to prevent hypothermia and frostbite? |
Warm air |
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When performing heavy manual labor in hot weather responders are vulnerable too? |
heat exhaustion/heatstroke dehydration |
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During extended operations, responders should be? |
regularly rotated through rehab to maintain optimum performance levels. |
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High ambient noise levels from (what) can increase the hazards at a rescue incident. |
power tools generators air compressors heavy equipment or other sources |
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Periods of high noise will (what) to everyone involved in the operation? |
raise the stress |
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High noise levels will also reduce what? |
the ability to communicate clearly, and obscure important sounds such as calls from trapped victims, shifting debris, and a hiss of escaping gas. |
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One of the most important steps in pre-planning is to? |
determine what equipment is needed to provide a timely rescue. This includes both PPE and entry equipment. |
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Who is required to provide rescue teams with all equipment necessary to provide for safe entry and rescue in a confined space IAW OSHA standards. |
The employer |
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Requires the mandatory use of a breathing apparatus by all members of the rescue team where they may encounter and IDLH, potential IDLH or where the atmosphere is unknown. |
NFPA 1500 |
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What are the two types of breathing apparatus commonly used in confined spaces? |
SCBA SABA |
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SABA |
supplied air breathing apparatus |
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SCBA and SABA are _____ pressure, which prevent contaminants from entering the mask. |
positive |
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One of the biggest advantages to using the SCBA is? |
the rescue team being familiar with its use and its portability. |
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Disadvantages of using an SCBA? |
limited air supply heavy can lead to workers fatigue |
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The ______ of an SCBA is another consideration. |
Size |
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OSHA no longer recognizes performing? |
a cylinder pass as a safe practice; the only exemption is during an emergency egress. |
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Main advantage of using a SABA? |
its air is practically unlimited |
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Provides the user with greater mobility in extremely congested spaces due to its relatively small size. |
SABA |
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what is used with the SABA in case there is a problem with the supplied air system? |
An emergency air cylinder or escape bottle |
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Disadvantages of the SABA? |
most rescue personnel are not trained in its use limited to a range of 300'(in order to maintain the integrity of the positive pressure system) |
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The level of protective clothing will be determined by? |
the hazard present in the confined space |
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At a minimum protective clothing should include? |
helmet gloves safety shoes (not yours Pedro) Overgarment |
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______ will identify minimum PPE required, but the hazards on scene will duplicate the appropriate level of protective clothing. |
SOP's |
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"It puts the lotion on its skin or else it gets the hose again" |
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Both _______ and ______ state that there must be constant communication established and maintained between the person entering the space. |
AFI OSHA |
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Examples of communication in a confined space |
Sight voice contact physical contact |
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O A T H |
1 tug (giggity) OK 2 tugs Advance 3 tugs Take UP 4 tugs Help |
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Is a combination of equipment used primarily for non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces. |
A retrieval system |
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________ requires a retrieval system to be used unless it is deemed to "increase the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescue of the entrant" |
OSHA |
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The retrieval system can be the same system used for? |
both lowering and hauling |
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All equipment used in CSR's should meet (what) and used in its intended manner of function. |
current national standards |
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EXAMPLES of equipment used in CSR's that should meet current national standards and used in its intended manner of function.
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retrieval line hardware/software chest or full body harness wristlets lifting device or anchor |
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The harness must be? |
a chest or full body type with a point of attachment in the center of the back or near shoulder level or above the head using a spreader bar. |
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_________ further states that wristlets can be used instead of the full body harness as long as the employer proves that the harness is not feasible if it creates a greater hazard. |
OSHA 1910.146 |
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The retrieval line is secured to ______ and to a fixed point outside the space. |
the entrant |
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The retrieval system components should meet requirements defined in ___ for proper use and rating. |
NFPA 1983 |
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A _______ shall be available to retrieve personnel form vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep. |
mechanical lifting device |
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_________ and _______ are the most common lifting devices used in CSR's |
Mechanical advantage systems or commercial winches |
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What will determine which anchor system is best for the incident? |
depth of the space the approach available anchor points number of rescuers available to haul |
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_______ give the advantage of varying heights because they can be adjusted to the specific needs of the rescue team. |
Tripods |
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Tripods are only intended to be ______ through the enter of the three legs. |
loaded straight down |
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The _________ remains outside the space during an operation and keeps in constant contact with the entry teams. |
rescue attendant |
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The rescue attendant must be aware of? |
1. the hazards that may be present 2. able to recognize early behavioral signs of hazards exposure. 3. constantly monitors activities inside and outside the space. |
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The entry team must know the hazards that may be faced during entry such as? |
signs and symptoms of exposure consequences of exposure |
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All personnel should have structured ________ practice sessions in confined spaces/ |
annual |
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_________ is one of the most important procedures done at a confined space incident. |
Atmospheric monitoring |
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In many cases, air quality testing will not only indicate the level of hazard, it may also determine? |
exactly what the hazardous content of the space is |
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What kind of monitor must be utilized for any flammable environment? |
A Class 1 division 1 montior |
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Pass all of the readings through the chain to the |
incident commander |
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_________ provides specific guidelines for each monitor and the frequency of calibration. |
manufacturer |
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What should be conducted in all accessible areas around the space and the area leading up to the space where rescue crews are expected to establish a staging area or perform work. |
initial monitoring |
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The acceptable limits of reading can be found on? |
SDS's entry permits Reference material (NIOSH, etc.) |
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Initial monitoring will assist the ______ with establishing work zones and acceptable limits for PPE. |
Safety officer |
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Who will establish the frequency and the type of tests for atmospheric monitoring? |
Resource officer Safety officer with assistance from the rescue team |
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Attempt to monitor the opening or the area just inside the opening without |
opening the space |
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OSHA 1910.146 states that "the atmospheric envelope should be tested a distance of approximately ____ in the direction of travel and to each side" |
4 feet |
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regardless of the type of monitor used, the test for _____ is always performed first, ________ second and ________ last. |
O2 combustible/flammable toxic/poisonous |
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O2 is tested first because? |
most detectors are O2 dependent and will not provide reliable readings in an O2 deficient atmosphere. |
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The reading for O2 is always given in? |
percentages by volume |
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Flammable gases are tested after? |
O2 |
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Gas detectors must be capable of _______, not just detecting them. |
measuring concentrations |
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The reading for flammable gases, mists, and vapors is given as ? |
a percentage of the LFL |
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The final test for atmospheric monitoring is for? |
toxic/poisonus |
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The presence of toxic gases will be measured |
in parts per million (PPM) or parts per billion (PPB) |
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Rescuers must complete medical and ______ exams. |
psychological pre-entry |
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Who is better trained to assess the limitations of rescuers prior to entry? |
Local EMS |
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What medical qualification should rescuers have? |
CPR Basic first aid |
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A pre brief is conducted by the? |
IC |
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What will the IC cover in the pre brief? |
the method of controlled entry the rescue plan notifying each team member of their tasks site briefing covering pertinent site info |
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What does the safety officer give a briefing on? |
type of communications emergency egress procedures working time limits PPE |
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Before entry is made, all knots and rigging should receive a minimum of _____ safety check with one being accomplished by the safety officer. |
2 |
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OSHA defines entry as? |
"any part of the body breaking the plane of the opening" |
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what are the two primary ways of entering a space? |
horizontally and vertically |
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If the space is more than ____, a retrieval system with a mechanical retrieval device must be available. |
5 feet |
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Before making entry into a horizontal space make sure there are no |
sudden drop offs |
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check the opening visually and physically to |
establish elevation differences |
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Always attempt a _____ entry into the horizontal opening. |
head first |
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The goal with packaging a patient in a confined space is ? |
to choose packaging/transfer equipment that provides the patient with the smallest possible profile |
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What commercial devices are available for CSR's |
SKED Reeves Sleeve Miller Halfback |
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When choosing the transfer device the _______ will be considered. |
condition of the patient |
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The level of decontamination required depends on |
what chemicals personnel were exposed to |
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a ______ will assist the IC with locating specialized equipment needed to perform decon |
resource list |
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Consider attaching a ____ to the transfer device to assist with removal. |
retrieval line |
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What is required if raising a victim? |
a belay line |
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Position carabiners on basket operations with the gates |
toward the inside |
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What can assist in maneuvering the liter around obstacles and dangerous areas inside the space when liter tenders are not used |
tag lines |
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The rescue entrants can be removed along with the patients as _________ |
liter tenders |
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Emergency egress procedures must be |
outlined prior to any entry by rescuers |
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The order to egress from the space can be given by |
the entrants attendants entry supervisor or any personnel that see a need for evac |
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The response is not over until the termination phase is complete. This includes |
accountability securing the site debriefing |
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Who is responsible for securing the site following termination of a confined space |
the owner |
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For fire department investigation purposes the IC maintains or relinquishes control of the scene to |
Law enforcement |
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contains requirements for practices and procedures to protect employees in general industry from hazards of entry into permit-required confines spaces. |
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 |
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It requires employers to provide a program for controlling, protecting and regulating entry into confined spaces; this in known as the permit space program. |
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 |
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Employers must have written procedures for preparing and issuing permits for entry and for returning the permit space to service following termination of entry. This in known as? |
the permit system |
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Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout) |
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147 |
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Permit required confined spaces |
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 |
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The standard that specifically provides isolation guidelines for emergency service personnel. |
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147
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Implements the use of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 |
AFI 91-203 |
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This instruction is in place to minimize the potential for employee illness, injury, or death by ensuring confined spaces are evaluated for hazardous conditions and precautions are implemented to minimize or eliminate those condition. |
AFI 91-203 |
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Standard for technical rescuer professional qualifications |
NFPA 1006 |
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This standard establishes general job performance requirements for rescue technicians. |
NFPA 1006
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This standard also establishes specific job performance requirements for special rescue operations, to include requirements for a level 1 and level 2 rescuer. |
NFPA 1006
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Standard for Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program |
NFPA 1500 |
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Standard on life safety rope and equipment for emergency services |
NFPA 1983 |
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This standard defines testing requirements, product labeling directions, and certification procedures for rope rescue equipment. |
NFPA 1983
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With the inception of __________, spaces are classified as either permit required or non-permit required. |
1910.146
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Confined spaces are classified on the basis of the potential hazards inside the space such as: |
hazardous atmospheres materials contained in the space the internal configuration of the space |
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A permit required space is one that? |
contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere. |
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Portal size *restricted = _______ *Unrestricted = _________ |
24 inches or less
Greater than 24 inches |
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OSHA requires that the employer have a ____________ with provisions to conduct a timely rescue if a confined space emergency arises. |
written emergency response plan |
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The pre-plan should list: |
all hazards control methods resource needs an action plan for removing victims |
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rescuers must identify, on standard pre-planning forms, several key items about a space to ensure they can be mitigated in a timely manner. These items can include? |
general (atmospheric, physical, and environmental) site-specific hazards points of entry the internal and external configuration of space |
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Wether the internal configuration is obstructed or open will determine the rescuers ability to? |
self rescue |
