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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe a reptilian heart. (lizards, snakes, turtle vs. crocodilians)
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For lizards, etc the heart has 2 aortas and a partially divided ventricle.
For crocodillains, the heart also has 2 aortas and a fully divided ventricle. |
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In what ways are reptiles terrestrial?
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They have a more efficient heart, breath via lungs only, conserve water (skin covered by keratin), reproduce and develop on land.
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Characteristics of non-avian reptiles?
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~6,000 species, mostly terrestrial. Wide variety of diet.
First amniotes. (arose during Carboniferous) |
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What is an amniotic egg?
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An egg surrounded by extra-embryonic membranes. May or may not have a shell.
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Characteristics of an amniotic egg shell?
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leathery or brittle, permeable to gases, fairly impermeable to water, not present in therian mammals
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What are the parts of the amniotic egg?
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Embryo
Amnion: surrounds embryo, for protection Yolk Sac: encloses nutrients, in chorion Allantois: gas exchange and stores wastes, in chorion Chorion: gas exchange and prevents water loss Albumen: egg white |
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Characteristics of Order Testudines?
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Turtles and tortoises.
Very little changes in past 250 mill years. Most aquatic, some terrestrial. All sea turtles are endangered. |
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Characteristics of Lepidosaurs?
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Made up of Squamates (lizards and snakes) and Tuataras
Have skin covered by horny scales. Gas exchange through lungs only. |
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What are Tuataras?
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Member of the Lepidosaurs. Like lizards but only 2 species are alive. Have a third eye used to detect changes in light.
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Characteristics of Crocodillians?
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Member of Archosaurs.
Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gharials. Spend much of their time in water. Nest is on land mostly. Carnivorous. |
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Characteristics of Dinosaurs.
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Members of Archosaurs.
=Ornithischians, Sauropods, Theropods. Triassic to Cretaceous. |
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Ornithischians, Sauropods, Theropods...list differentiating features?
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Ornithischians: beaked herbivores
Sauropods: largest animals to live on land ever Theropods: bipedal and carivorous; birds evolved from these |
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What are the shared characteristics of birds and dinosaur ancestor?
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Bipedal, 3 hind toes.
Carnivorous. 4-Chambered heart. Similiar lungs. Feathered. Hollow Bones. Parental care of eggs and juveniles. |
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What is a Bambiraptor?
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Possible dinosaur ancestor to birds. It had feathers and hollow bones.
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What is the Archaeoteryx?
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The first bird.
Jurassic. Crow sized. Avian characteristics: feathers and wings. Non-avian characteristics: teeth and bony tail. |
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General characteristics of Birds?
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Amniotes.
Endothermic. 4 Cham heart. Feathers. Most fly. Diverse beaks=diverse diets |
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Describe the parental care of Birds.
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Egg incubation=necessary=parent's job.
Nests. Juveniles require high calorie diet. |
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What kind of heart does a bird have?
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4 chambered.
Both the pulmonary and systemic circuits. |
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Why is a bird's respiratory system have to be very efficient?
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Flying and endothermy require high amt of O2.
Some birds fly at high altitudes. |
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Describe the process of ventilation in birds.
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First breath: Air goes into post air sacs and upon exhale is propelled through the lung.
Second breath: Same air is drawn into ant sacs and upon exhale is propelled out through nares. |
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What are the characteristics of bird lungs vs. the lungs in mammals?
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Very efficient because air flows unidirectionally through lungs.
No dead spaces in alveoli. Continuous flow of fresh air. |
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What are adaptations of birds for flight?
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Hollow bones.
Sternum enlarged and keeled to increase surface area for attachment of flight muscles. Feathers. |
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What are the functions and characteristics of feathers?
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Functions: insulation, flight, sensory structures, lining nests.
Made of keratin. Derived from scales. |
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How did flight evolve?
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Evolved four times in insects, pterosaurs, birds, bats.
Convergent evolution. |
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How do wings enable flight?
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Object changes air flow pattern and create air lift. (Under wing there is high P and lower speed. Above wing there is low P and higher speed.)
Particles must move faster to get over bump of wing. Air flows from high to low pressure. |
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What is an alula?
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1st digit of wing.
Feathers on this maintian laminar flow over the leading edge of the wing. Avoids loss of life and stalling. |
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Second Order Neurons only travel upward in the CANS synapse at what two junctions?
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Superior Olivary Complex
Nucleus of the lateral Lemniscus |
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What is static soaring?
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Uses updrafts and thermals to generate lift and stay aloft without flapping wings.
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What is dynamic soaring?
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Uses differences in wind speeds to generate lift and stay aloft without flapping wings.
Glide downward then wheel into wind. |
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What is flapping flight?
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Wing used to generate thrust.
Downstroke: wing moves foward and down. Upstroke: wing folds in towards body. |
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What is hovering flight?
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Remaining stationary in the air.
Hummingbirds twist their wings...pushes backward and downward on air. |
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What is the "ground up" hypothesis for how flight evolved? Evidence?
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Bipedal runner to leaping and gliding to flying.
Chukars are poor fliers but hatchlings uses flapping of wings to assist in climbing trees. |
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What is the "tree down" hypothesis for how flight evolved? Evidence?
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Arboreal dino to gliding between trees to flying.
Evidence: Microraptor fossil. Shows feathers on both wings and legs. Unlikely that an organism could run with feathers on its legs. |
