Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 3 orders of Amphibians?
|
Gymnophiona (Apoda)- Caecilians
Urodela (Caudata)- Salamanders and Newts Anura (Salienta)- Frogs and Toads |
|
|
What do Caecilidians look like?
Do they have live young or eggs? |
Worm-like, no legs or arms.
Either vivaparous or oviparous |
|
|
What do Urodelas (salamanders/newts) look like?
Do they lay eggs? Do they have an autotomy plane? |
4 legs and long tail
most are oviparous (eggs) Some may have an autotomy plane |
|
|
The order Anura (Salentia) is frogs and toads.
How many species does this order have? |
~4000
|
|
|
What does neotony mean and which species has it of amphibians?
EXAM |
Neotony- retain larval external characteristics depsite reaching sexual maturity
Proteidae (neotenic salamanders) |
|
|
What is special about the Plethodontidaes of the Order Caudata (Urodela)?
|
They lack lungs
They also don't need H2O to reproduce but do need lots of moisture in the air. |
|
|
What are in the Family Pipidae?
Characteristics? (live in water, ovi/vivi, unique qualities?) |
Clawed Frogs
All spp. are aquatic All Pipa spp. deposit EGGS into their dorsal skin--> froglets emerge |
|
|
What are in the Family Leptodactylidae?
|
Tropical frogs (horned, big, pretty)
|
|
|
What are in the Family Bufonidae?
Characteristics? (live in water, ovi/vivi, unique qualities?) |
True TOADS
BIDDER's ORGAN- cranial testicle |
|
|
What are in the Family Hylidae?
|
Tree frogs
|
|
|
What are in the family Dendrobatidae?
|
Poison Frogs
Brilliant Coloration Eat ants with lots of alkaloids--> deposit them in skin making them toxic--> can last up to 3 years |
|
|
What are in the family Ranidae?
|
TRUE FROGS (700spp)
|
|
|
What are the 2 subclasses of the Class Reptilia?
|
Anapsida (turtles, tortoises)
Diapsida (Tuatara, lizards, snakes, alligators, crocodiles) |
|
|
What does the subclass ANAPSIDA mean?
|
Derived from reptiles that lack holes in the skull---> CHELONIANS ONLY
|
|
|
What does the subclass DIAPSIDA mean?
|
Derived from reptiles with 2 holes i each side of skull--> ALL OTHER REPTILES
|
|
|
What are the 2 suborders of the order Testudines of sub-class Anapsida of class Reptilia?
|
Pleurodira
Cryptodira |
|
|
What does Pleurodira mean?
|
SIDE-NECK turtles
(can't retract neck, so fold sideways) |
|
|
What does Cryptodira mean?
|
HIDDEN-NECK turtle
(can pull neck straight back into shells) |
|
|
Where do the following animals live?
Terrapin? Turtle? Tortoise? |
Terrapin- Fresh Water
Turtle- Fresh or Salt Water Tortoise- Curved Shell--> dry land (terrestrial) |
|
|
What kind of species is in the Order Sphenodontia?
What do they commonly get confused with? |
Tuatara (2 spp)
Look like lizards but... - lack external auditory meatus - lack external copulatory organ - Teeth- Acrodont (no sockets) - Carnivorous - live at LOW TEMPS (53-62) - females lay eggs every 4 years |
|
|
What are the 2 suborders of the Order Squamata?
|
Ophidia aka Serpentes (snakes)
Sauria aka Lacertilia (lizards) |
|
|
What kind of snakes are in the Family Elapidae?
|
Venomous
Cobras, Mambas,coral snakes, Death Adders, Sea Snakes. |
|
|
What are the characteristics of Opsithoglyphous fangs?
|
Located on the caudal maxilla, mostly non-venomous or weakly
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of Proteroglyphous fangs?
Who has them? |
Sit at cranial maxilla but directed caudally.
Venomous Snakes of the Elapidae family |
|
|
What are the characteristics of the snakes in the Family Viperidae?
|
Triangular head
Pupils= vertical slits Nocturnal Ambush prey Solenoglyph fangs |
|
|
What are the characteristics of Solenoglyph fangs?
|
located rostrally and very mobile, point cranially to stab prey!
|
|
|
What kind of snakes are in the family Boidae?
What kind of REPRO? EXAM |
Constictors (boas)
VIVIPAROUS!!! |
|
|
What kind of snakes are in the family Pythonidae?
What kind of REPRO? EXAM |
Constrictors (pythons)
OVIPAROUS!!! |
|
|
What kind of teeth do the Infraoder Iguania have?
|
Acrodont
|
|
|
What is special about acrodont teeth?
EXAM |
Teeth attached to biting edge of jaw
- no sockets - not shed and replaced |
|
|
What are the only venomous lizards?
|
Gila monster & mexican beaded lizard
They have MANDIBULAR VENOM GLANDS in grooved teeth. |
|
|
What are the differences between Crocodiles and Alligators?
|
Crocodile-
- more narrow snout - 4th mandibular tooth shows - have lingual salt glands Aligator- -broad, flat snouth only upper teeth show |
|
|
What are the and main 6 important things to consider when dealing with Husbandry of Reptile?
|
Temperature/Humidity (POTZ)
Ventilation Water Diet Light Source Substrate and furniture |
|
|
What is special about Reptiles and their body temp?
|
The are Ectotherms... they depend on external heat
|
|
|
What can sub-optimal temp in reptiles cause?
|
-decreased activity
- poor digestion - poor immune function - increaed infection and dysedysis |
|
|
What does the POTZ mean?
EXAM |
The preffered optimal temperature zone.
It's the temperature range at which an animal is found at naturally. Will have critical high and low temps - cage should contain both or at least high |
|
|
What is the usual range of a POTZ for most diurnal reptiles?
|
85-105 F
|
|
|
What is do you need for an optimal temperature zone?
|
NEED 2 HEAT SOURCES!!!
Primary- background temperature (should be set at low end of POTZ), ,usually on 24 hours/day Secondary- Basking spot (highest temp in enclosure)- usually on only part of the day |
|
|
What are some sources of Primary Heat Source?
|
Radiant (ceramic bulbs, heater tiles, under cage heating)
-Environment (southern US) - Light bulbs (poor) -aquarium heater |
|
|
What are some sources of Secondary Heat Source?
|
-Visible light (light bulbs- 40-100watt, can be UV-B source)
|
|
|
What kind of UV light do reptiles need?
|
UV-B: for endogenous vit D3 production (esp. herbivores, diurnal species)
Required by most species (except snakes, water turtles, carnivores, nocturnal animals) |
|
|
What is important about water with amphibians?
|
They don't drink, they require ambient moisture to maintain positive water balance.
|
|
|
What is special about the substrate for amphibians?
|
Need 3 layers?
- off ground - smooth gravel or minimal soil (substrate should drain readily) - ground cover- live moss, hardwood mulch, |
|
|
What kind of diet do frogs and toads need before metamorphosis?
|
Either herbivorous, carnivorous or omnivorous
|
|
|
What kind of diet do frogs and toads need AFTER metamorphosis?
|
Carnivorous
|
|
|
What kind of diet do salamanders and caecilians need?
|
STRICTLY CARNIVOROUS
|
|
|
How can you tell the sex of Chelonians?
|
Often sexually dimorphic
MALES- longer tails, more distal cloacal opeing, CONCAVE plastron Females- often larger, painted turtles have shorter forelimb nails, tortoises longer nails on their hind limbs |
|
|
How can you tell the sex of snakes?
|
MALES- sometimes have thicker tails to accomodate hemipenes
Pythons and boas: males have vestigial spurs Probing is most reliable method- Males DEEPER |
|
|
How can you tell the sex of Lizards?
|
many species MONOMORPHIC
color differences (some skinks, iguanas, agamas) -hemipenal bulge (tail base of males) - femoral pores on ventral thighs enlarge with age in males (geckos, iguanas, agamas: produce secretions, hormones?) Ultimately--> U/S, Rads (hemipenes may be ossified in some sp.), Probing, Laproscopy |
|
|
How can you tell the sex of Crocodilians?
|
MALES- usually larger, gharial snout (starts growing around age 10)
Females- some will BELLOW |
|
|
How can you tell the sex of Amphibians?
|
Often the dimorphism is SEASONAL and Hormone dependent.
FROGS- MALES- some have larger tympanic membranes, toe pads, vocal sacs and vocalization SALAMANDERS- MALES- cloacal glands, coloration Caelicians- very little |
|
|
Reproductive Anatomy in Chelonians.
|
Females- paired ovaries
Males- penis arises from the floor of the cloaca (single structure, unlike hemipenes) |
|
|
Reproductive anatomy in Snakes.
|
Females- few fossorial spp. have only ONE ovary and oviduct
Males- sexual segment in posterior kidneys, during repro season they enlarge, Right gonads usually anterior to the left. |
|
|
Reproductive anatomy in Lizards.
|
Females- oviduct enters into urodeum
Males- hemipenes are invagination from cloacal wall. During copulation, one hemipene is everted into the females's cloaca, NO ERECTILE TISSUE |
|
|
Reproductive anatomy of Crocodilians.
|
Females- ovaries are near anteromedial aspect of kidneys, Oviducts open near each other through the ventral wall of cloaca just anterior to the clitoris
Males- testes are medial to kidneys, vasa deferntia run to ventral cloaca where they open at the base of the penis (2 thick fibrous plates), penis is cartilaginous with little erectile tissue (no size change) |
|
|
Reproductive Anatomy of Amphibians
|
MALES- lobulated testes in caecilians and some salamanders, sperm go from testes through vasa efferntia to neprhic collecting tubules to the Wolffian ducts to the cloaca
Females- oocytes are released into the coelem, cilia there direct the ova to the infundibulum which lies near the lungs; egg jelly laid down in oviduct; eggs stored in "ovisac" until ready to be laid Majority of CAECILIANS are VIVIPAROUS Vast majority of Anurans and Salamaders are OVIPAROUS Internal fertilization in caecillians, most salamanders, but the minority of anurans |
|
|
What does Lecithotrophy mean?
|
Nutrients provided to young via yolk
|
|
|
What does Matrotrophy mean?
|
Nutrients provided to young via mother after ovulation (e.g. across placenta)
|
|
|
What is Vitellogenin?
|
Lipoprotein produced in the liver transported to the follicles (major component of yolk)
|
|
|
Which species have GENETIC SEX DETERMINATION and which have ENVIRONMENTAL (temp) SEX DETERMINATION?
|
GSD- mammals, birds, all snakes, most lizards, amphibians, some fish (and insects)
ESD (TDSD): all crocodilians, many chelonians, some lizards |
|
|
TDSD... which sex at which temp?
|
TYPE 1-
Females- high temp Males- lower temp TYPE 2- no temp produces all of one sex |
|
|
What does the skin do in Amphibians?
|
-protection, camouflage
-involved in respiration and osmoregulation -permeable to water both ways (can't tolerate salt water) - DON"T DRINK -THIN SKIN |
|
|
What is special about the skin color of Amphibians?
|
Darker tones (black, brown)- Turn black when STRESSED!!
They also have bright colored pigments naturally |
|
|
What is the important factor in either of the 2 color responses in amphibians?
|
Both involve the movement of melanin in melanophores triggered by hormones released in blood.
|
|
|
How often do amphibians shed?
|
Skin shed periodically and ingested every few days to weeks.
|
|
|
What are the 4 types of respiration that amphibians utilize?
|
1. gills (larvae , neotonic, adults)
2. pulmonic 3. cutaneous 4. Buccopharyngeal |
|
|
What is 3 unique qualities of the respiratory system of amphibians?
|
1. Lack diaphragm
2. Lungs- simple sacs 3. lack true alveoli |
|
|
What is unique regarding the CV system of amphibians?
|
3 chambered heart- partial mixing of bood
Blood from caudal part of the body drains into hepatic portal veins--> effect of PK of injected drugs? Extensive lymphatic system and lymph hearts |
|
|
How do amphibians regulate their body water?
|
Kidney has limiting concentrating ability and are unable to produce hypertonic urine.
Physiologic state reflects environment. (if dehydration: no urination and absorption of water held in bladder) Arginine vasotocin and oxytocin increase water absorption through the skin and from the bladdder and reduce glomerular filtration. |
|
|
Body water regulation in Freshwater amphibians? On Land amphibians?
|
Freshwater: osmotic flooding and urinary loss of electrolytes (aquatic species must excrete excess water)
On Land: continous threat of desiccation (water gained from env and food) |
|
|
What does the LATERAL LINE SYSTEM in amphibians do?
|
detects water movement, predators and preys
|
|
|
What controls metamorphosis in amphibians?
|
thyroids
|
|
|
What are 6 causes of accumulation of fluids in amphibians?
|
1. Voluminous lymph system- up to 10ml/hr exchange between blood and lymph (3x normal blood volume)
2. Overhydration (distilled water) 3. Cardiac and lymph hearts insufficiency (fluid accumulation in peritoneum and in lymph spaces) 4. Renal insufficiency (reduced excretion of water) 5. Hepatic disease and inadequate nutritional intake (hypoproteinemia and reduced intravascular osmolality) 6. Sepsis: increased capillary permeability. Loss of intravascular fluid and pooling in extravascular spaces |
|
|
What are 6 causes of musc. deformities in amphibians?
|
1. Metabolic Bone Dz
2. Trauma 3. Parasite 4. Abscess 5. Fracture 6. Neoplastic Mass |
|
|
How can you tell if an amphibian is dehydrated?
|
1. Tightening of skin over skeleton
2. Increased tackiness of mucous coating of the skin 3. weight loss, sunken eyes 4. usual urination response of anurans to handling does not occur |
|
|
What are the common Fungal Diseases in Amphibians?
|
Chytridiomycosis
Mucormycosis Saprolegnia Basidiolomycosis Chromomycosis |
|
|
What are the common Bacterial Diseases in Amphibians?
|
Bacterial Septicemia (gm - (aeromonas hydrophilia, etc)
Mycobacteriosis Chlamydiosis |
|
|
What are the common Viral Diseases in Amphibians?
|
Herpesvirus
Iridovirus Flavivirus |
|
|
What happens when frogs are exposed to pesiticides regarding immunity?
|
they get an increased susceptibility to disease
|
|
|
What kind of Immunity do Caudates (salamanders) have?
Anurans (frogs and toads)? |
Caudates- INNATE IMMUNITY ONLY (anti-microbial peptides, Phagocytes, NK cells)
Anurans- INNATE and ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (cell mediated, humoral) |
|
|
What can clinical signs of mycosis mimic?
Differentials? |
Can mimic or precede bacterial septicemia.
Differentials: Bacterial Septicemia, Chlamydiophilosis, Mycobacteriosis, Cutaneous Capillariasis and even Toxicities |
|
|
How does Chytridiomycosis affect TADPOLES?
|
-disease limited to oral disk
- severe diseasee and death in affected young frogs just going through metamorphosis |
|
|
How does Chytridiomycosis affect ADULTS?
|
-Acute DEATH
-Anorexia, reluctance to move, neuro signs -cutaneous lesions on ventral skin and legs |
|
|
What is the patholgy of Chytridiomycosis limited to?
|
Epidermis
|
|
|
What kills the animal with Chytridiomycosis?
|
Severe breach of cutaneous integrity (osmoregulation, electrolyte imbalance, bacterial colonization)
- toxin produced by fungus |
|
|
What is the treatment for Chytridiomycosis?
|
Itraconazole: 5 min bath- 0.01%, using 0.6% saline for 11 dyas.
- increase ambient temp |
|
|
What are the 2 manifestations of Mucormycosis and who does it affect?
|
Disseminated systemic mycosis
Fatal Cutaneous disease Post-metamorphic ANURANS |
|
|
What are the main clinical signs and lesions of Mucormycosis?
|
Disseminated granulomatous disease
NO TX |
|
|
What species does Chromomycosis affect?
|
Post-metamorphic anurans
|
|
|
Is there a zoonotic potential of Chromomycosis?
|
YES thorough traumatic inoculation.
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs/lesions of CHromomycosis?
|
Causes slow developing, dark, raised nodules or ulceration of skin of feet ad ventrum
- Organism can invade deeper tissues and become systemic: weight loss and lethargy TX unrewarding |
|
|
What common saprophyte can be isolated from the environment and is a normal constituent of gut flora of amphibian?
|
Basidiolobolus ranarum (Basidiobolomycosis)
|
|
|
What are the 3 most affected species by Basidiobolomycosis?
|
-Captive Dwarf African clawed frogs
-Captive Canadian Toads -Free-Ranging Wyoming toad (high M&M) |
|
|
What are the clinical signs/lesions of Basidiobolomycosis?
|
Dermatitis and 2nd bacterial infection
- hyperemia and sloughing of epidermis of ventrum, erosions, erythema, and ulcers of plantar surfaces of toes - Hepatomegaly (mottled and grey) Can cause disease in humans |
|
|
Treatment for Basidiobolomycosis?
|
Intraconazole and benzalkonium chloride baths
|
|
|
How do amphibians get infected with Saprolegnia?
|
Opportunistic secondary invader!
- primarily disease of skin (mats of white cottony material attacged to gills or cutaneous ulcers) TX- DIFFICULT |
|
|
Do viral diseases tend to show clinical signs in amphibians?
|
NO
|
|
|
What can the herpesvirus cause in what amphibian species?
|
RENAL ADENOCARCINOMA in LEOPARD FROGS
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of herpesvirus in amphibians?
|
emaciation, death due to renal failure
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of RANAVIRUSES (including Irdiovirus)?
|
NONE to SEVERE
-lethargy, anorexia, buoyancy probs, swimming in circle, loss of righting ability, reddened or swollen areas near gills and hind limbs, pale raised foci in skin, cutaneous erosioins or ulcers SIGNS OF "RED-LEG" Disease |
|
|
What is the treatment for RANAVIRUSES?
|
Acyclovir? (may be effective)
|
|
|
What is one of the most important cause of the decline in American Bullfrog tadpoles?
|
Iridovirus: TADPOLE EDEMA VIRUS
-adults are not clinically affected by can be asymptomatic carriers |
|
|
What are the clinical signs associated with Iridiovirus: TADPOLE EDEMA VIRUS?
|
-marked SC edema and acute death. May develop secondary bacterial infections.
|
|
|
What is the major cause of M&M in captive amphibians?
|
GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
- Aeromonas hydrophila (MOST COMMON) - Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, Flavibacterium |
|
|
Gram Negative Bacteria- how are amphibians infected?
|
GM - bacteria are common pathogens present in environment and GI tract flora of amphibians.
Initiating factor- decreased immune function or COMPROMISED integrity of SKIN |
|
|
What are the clinical signs associated with infection of Gm - bacteria in amphibians?
|
- discoloration, erythema, hemorrhages, ulcerations and edema of skin esp. legs, feet and ventrum- RED-LEG SYNDROME: cutaneous vasculities and dermal necrosis,
- ascites panophthalmitits, lethargy, and neuro signs - ACUTE DEATH FROM SEPTICEMIA COMMON |
|
|
Tx for Gram neg. bacterial infection in amphibians?
|
-Remove cause
-improve husbandry -isolation of affected animals -ABs based on culture (min. 7 days) - NaCl 0.4-0.5% may help reduce severity of signs |
|
|
What parasites frequently use amphibians as hosts?
Are they commensal or parasitic? |
Protozoa and Metazoa
May be either |
|
|
Which parasite may not require treatment in amphibians?
|
Protozoa-
Can treat prophylactically for metazoan parasites. |
|
|
Why are amphibians more sensitive to TOXICOSIS than other species?
|
-Permeable skin
-Associated vascular network -high surface:volume |
|
|
What are the most common toxicities in amphibians?
|
-Cleaning Agents
-Chlorine -Ammonia -Heavy Metal -Salt -Pesticides |
|
|
Why shouldn't you "wear" a large snake?
|
Causes vertebral pressure and instability of the vertebrae.
|
|
|
What is important to remember when handling chelonians?
|
Avoid placing animal on its back (pressure on shell and impaired resp.)
|
|
|
How do you determine the gender of Lizards?
|
Dimporhism, femoral pores, imaging (u/s, rads)
|
|
|
Gender determination of Snakes?
|
Hemipenis probes (deeper than females), thickness of tail, spurs
|
|
|
Gender determination of Chelonians?
|
Plastron shape (males flat so they can mount females), Longer nails in males, size of tail, eye color
|
|
|
Gender determination of Crocodilians?
|
Penis in ventral cloaca.
|
|
|
Why shouldn't you "wear" a large snake?
|
Causes vertebral pressure and instability of the vertebrae.
|
|
|
What is important to remember when handling chelonians?
|
Avoid placing animal on its back (pressure on shell and impaired resp.)
|
|
|
How do you determine the gender of Lizards?
|
Dimporhism, femoral pores, imaging (u/s, rads)
|
|
|
Gender determination of Snakes?
|
Hemipenis probes (deeper than females), thickness of tail, spurs
|
|
|
Gender determination of Chelonians?
|
Plastron shape (males concave so they can mount females), Longer nails in males, size of tail, eye color
|
|
|
If you have an acute weight loss in Chelonians what would you think 1st?
|
Think bladder... chelonians store fluids in bladder
|
|
|
What would you see in a dehydrated reptile patients?
|
-dry tenting skin
-tacky saliva -dry oral mucosa -sunken eyes -depression -rapid wt. loss |
|
|
What can you see in reptiles with Vit A. deficiency?
|
-swelling of eyes/nasolacrimal ducts
|
|
|
What is the normal shedding pattern for:
Lizards Snakes Chelonians |
Lizards- in pieces (they eat it)
Snakes- one piece Chelonians- in pieces (scutes also come off, need basking area) |
|
|
What are some causes of Dyscedysis in Reptiles?
|
Poor nutritional status,
|
|
|
What does Anasarca mean and why might you get it?
|
Generalized edema
Vit. A deficiency or low thyroid levels |
|
|
Why might a reptile have Dysecdysis?
|
- poor nutritional status
- low env. temp and humidity - lack of rough surface - integument injury or surgical wound - burns/scars OR - ectoparasites - hormonal imbalance - neuro disorders - retained spectacles |
|
|
What are 5 differentials for a Gaping/Dyspneic Reptile?
|
- Occluded Nostrils
- Necrotic Stomatitis - Pneumonia - Near Drowning - Vit A Deficiency |
|
|
How can you evaluate the Cardio-Resp system in Reptiles?
|
- color of mucous membranes
- doppler - see the heart beating (snakes) - auscultation (lungs) very HARD - Radiography - Pul. endoscopy |
|
|
Name 3 lesions that can be located in the region of the mouth of reptiles
|
- gingivitis
- rostral ulceration - stomatitis |
|
|
What is located in the mid-body region of snakes?
|
Stomach or Liver
|
|
|
What is located in the caudal body region of snakes?
|
Intestines, GI tract, Kidneys, Repro tract
|
|
|
What are 3 relatively common renal diseases of Reptiles?
|
- Renal insufficiency
- Gout - Stones/eggs |
|
|
What are the 2 most common reproductive disorders in Reptiles?
|
- egg binding
- penile prolapse |
|
|
Why is retained shed on the feet of reptiles necessarily bad?
|
Can prevent normal ambulation (geckos) and may cause circumferential constriction (lizards)
|
|
|
How much blood can you safely take from a reptile?
More or less than birds or mammals? |
less than 10% of blood volume (5-8% of Body wt.)= 0.5ml in 100gm animals
LESS |
|
|
Veinupuncture sites in Lizards?
|
- Ventral coocygeal vein (lateral or midline)
-middle abdominal vein -CVC |
|
|
Veinupuncture sites in Chelonians?
|
-Cranial cervical sinus
-Subcarapacial venipuncture** -Jugular -Antebrachial veins - Dorsal Coccygeal** |
|
|
Venipuncture sites in Snakes?
|
- Heart
-Ventral coccygeal vein** -Palatine vein |
|
|
Venipuncture sites in Crocs?
|
-Occipital sinus
-Ventral midline coccygeal vein in smaller species |
|
|
Are Pythons Oviparous or Viviparous?
|
Oviparous
|
|
|
What affects the metabolic rate of reptiles?
is it faster or slower than mammals? |
-Body size (smaller have faster rate)
-season, gender, age, diet and habitat - lower rate in montane vs. lowland spp - dec in cold temp - increase with inc. activity, repro, growth, healing |
|
|
Iguana diet?
|
Herbivores
Some insectivores |
|
|
Lizard Diet?
|
Uromastyx- Herbivores
Many Carnivores Some Omnivores |
|
|
Snake diet?
|
Carnivores
many Insectivores |
|
|
Tortoise Diet?
|
Herbivores
|
|
|
Turtle Diet?
|
Omnivores
Snapping- Carnivores |
|
|
Skink Diet?
|
Herbivores (prehensile)
many Insectivores |
|
|
Gecko/Chameleon Diet?
|
Insectivores
|
|
|
What do herbivores get their energy source from?
|
Fibers fermented in large bowel--> short chain fatty acids
|
|
|
What do Carnivores and Insectivores use as their primary fuel sources?
|
Protein and Fat
|
|
|
What should you NOT feed herbivores?
|
Avacodo
Rhubarb Eggplant |
|
|
What should you NOT feed Insectivores?
|
Dehydrated insects
Fireflies Eastern tent catapillars Huge crickets |
|
|
What is special regarding the diet of Box turtles?
|
-can be QUITE carnivorous
- high demand for VIT. A - 50% animal or high-prot foods - 50% plants |
|
|
What happens to Aquatic turtles diet when they mature?
|
They become more herbivorous as they mature!!
|
|
|
What should you do if your reptile is anorexic?
|
- always check husbandry (temp, lighting, humidity)
- check for underlying health cause (gravid, illness?) - tempting your reptile |
|
|
What kind of clinical signs do TORTOISEs show when infected with HERPES?
|
Stomatitis
Rhinitis etc. |
|
|
What 3 kinds of diseases can MARINE TURTLES get from HERPES infection?
|
1. Gray Patch Disease
2. Fibropapillomas 3. Lung, Eye, Trachea Disease (LETD) |
|
|
Who does the IRIDOVIRUS most commonly infect?
|
E. Box turtle
Amazon Horned Frog |
|
|
What are the typical clinical signs associated with IRIDOVIRUS?
|
similar to herpesvirus signs:
Necrotizing stomatits Ocular/Nasal Discharge Conjunctivitis, etc. No proven TX |
|
|
What are the trademark Reptilian species that get ADENOVIRUS?
|
Boa Constrictor
Bearded Dragon |
|
|
What are the clinical signs assoc. with ADENOVIRUS?
Including what other signs? |
Present with wt. loss, inapp, elevated liver enz, GI signs (regurg in boas), limb paresis
INCLUDE HEPATITIS, ENTERITIS, esophagitis, splenitis, encephalopathy No specific TX... vary resistant outside body. |
|
|
Who does the PARAMYXOVIRUS infect most commonly?
|
Found in all major snake families
Most COMMON in VIPERIDS w/ PIT VIPERS being most susceptible. |
|
|
What are the forms of PARAMYXOVIRUS infections in REPTILES?
|
Peracute
Acute (6-10wks)- Resp & Neuro Chronic (poor doer)- anorexia/hypophagis for up to 7 months prior to clinical dz |
|
|
How do you treat PARAMYXOVIRUS infections in REPTILES?
|
Grave PX
Supportive Tx Sec. bacterial infection, manage resp. disease Diazepam for seizures RIBAVIRIN (successfully used in mammals) |
|
|
Which REPTILES get Retroviruses?
|
All FOUR ORDERS! Mainly Squamata (snakes)
|
|
|
What kind of clinical signs can you see with RETROVIRUS infection in reptiles?
|
DIVERSE
- subclinical - tumor forming (lymphomas, leukemias, sarcomas, carcinomas, etc) - immunodeficiences - autoimmune diseases - death |
|
|
What type of virus causes INCLUSION BODY DISEASE in REPTILES?
Which two REPTILES were more severely affected? |
Retrovirus, however not yet proven to BE the causitive agent.
BURMESE PYTHON- CNS dz (flaccid paralysis, rapidly fatal BOA CONSTRICTORS- regurg, followed by CNS dz or death w/in several weeks. |
|
|
How are YOUNG snakes affected by Inclusion Body Disease?
OLD snakes? |
Young- ACUTE 100% mortality
Adults- debilitating, chronic poor doer, start with CNS dz followed by GI |
|
|
What is important regarding CONTROL of INCLUSION BODY DISEAse in reptiles?
|
isolate PYTHONS from BOAS
Mite control 6 month Quar; boas may be subclinical for >1year destroyed by most disinfectants |
|
|
Who gets what FLAVIVIRUS of REPTILES?
|
Alligators--> WNV
CNS dz |
|
|
What are the 7 main important things regarding QUARANTINING REPTILES?
|
ISOLATION
Time (60-90d, 6MO if suspect) Viral Testing in Quar Separate air flow Foot Baths Monitor wt, appetite 3 neg. fecals |
|
|
What kind of bacteria is Salmonella?
|
Gm - rod
fac. anaerobe |
|
|
What are the two main species?
Which affect reptiles most often? |
S. enterica & S. bongori
S. enteria subspecies (arizonae, diarazonae) |
|
|
What species of reptile infected humans in the 60s?
|
Red-eared sliders
|
|
|
Which species of reptiles are predisposed to Salmonella Vertebral Osteomyelitis/Osteopathy>?
|
Snakes (seen in lizards too)
|
|
|
What are the radiographic findings assoc with Salmonella Vertebral Osteomyelitis/Osteopathy>?
|
Osteomyelitis
Periarticular bone proliferation (body bridging Rib involvement at costovertebral articulation Pathologic fracture of exostoses |
|
|
How do you diagnose Salmonella infection in Reptiles?
|
-Culture (need selective, growth promoting agar, good if you need serotype)
- PCR (very sensitive, can't serotype) - Elisa (detects antigen) |
|
|
What do you say if the reptile tests negative on a culture of cloacal swab?
|
Can't ever really say they are NEGATIVE... can do a series of cultures
|
|
|
What do you do if a reptile is positive for Salmonella?
|
Normal, healthy reptiles can harbor Salmonella.
No long term protection (reinfection, eventually start shedding again post tx) Resistance!! |
|
|
How do you prevent Salmonellosis in Reptiles?
Prevent ZOONOSIS! |
-Avoid overcrowding, stress
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of Stomatitis in Reptiles?
|
Anorexia, dysphagia, ptyalism, tongue paralysis, gingivitis, ecchymosis, loss of teeth
|
|
|
What are the causes of Stomatitis in Reptiles?
|
-Improper husbandry
-Nutritional deficiency -Mite infestation -Oral trauma -Neoplasia -Primary pathogen |
|
|
What does the normal flora of the Reptilian mouth?
What happens to the flora when they are ill? |
Majority GM +, Anaerobes too (Bacteroides and Fusobacterium)
When ill, gram neg predominate (pseudomonas or aeromonas) or Mycobacterium |
|
|
What is the treatment of Stomatitis for Reptiles?
|
-Correct husbandry
-Surgical debridement -Long-term antimicrobials (Ceftazidime, AGs, Fluoro) -Topical Tx - Analgesia |
|
|
What are some of the causes of Shell Disease (Husbandry related)?
|
- poor water quality
- rough substrate - wrong temp - poor nutrition - overcrowding - lack of basking site for complete drying' - insufficient UV source |
|
|
What does Mycoplasma cause in Reptiles?
|
- Upper resp tract dz in Tortoises
|
|
|
What is the Prognosis of Mycoplasma in Reptiles?
EXAM |
Chronic disease with intermittent C.S
|
|
|
What do Reptiles present like with Pneumonia?
|
VERY COMPROMISED
-Dyspnea -open-mouth breathing -extend head and neck, hold head up -rales -aquatic turtles (asymmetrical swimming) |
|
|
What are the predisposing factors for fungal dz in reptiles?
|
-suboptimal temp
-excess humidity -unsanitary env -overcrowding -prior bacterial or viral diseases -prolonged tx with ABs |
|
|
What are the two most common FUNGI that cause shell disease in reptiles?
|
Mucormycosis of softshell turtles
Fusarium semitectum (primary pathogen) - white blemishes |
|
|
What does Dermatophytosis in squamates often present as?
|
Blisters
|
|
|
What FUNGI causes a CONTAGIOUS DERMATOMYCOSIS in Reptiles?
|
CANV (Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis viresii)
PRIMARY PATHOGEN |
|
|
What species does CANV affect?
|
-Farmed Saltwater Crocs
-Bearded Dragons -Chameleons -Snakes -Day Gecko |
|
|
What is the clinical course of CANV in reptiles?
|
EMERGING PATHOGEN
-begins as cutaneous dz: vesicular lesions and bullae - can become deep granulamatous dermatomycosis - often disseminates and causes death |
|
|
Can you use Ivermectin in Chelonians?
On BOARDS |
NO!!!
|
|
|
What mite causes severe problems in Black Snakes?
|
Ophinyssus natricus
|
|
|
What increases the risk of Reptiles getting Ophionyssus natricus?
|
Higher humidity
|
|
|
What are some clinical signs of Ophionyssus natricus in Reptiles?
|
Anorexia, dermatitis, pruritis, anemia, septicemia, dyscedysis, retained eye caps, dehydration
Behavioral changes-> snakes remained coiled in water bowls, hyperactivity |
|
|
What are some of the treatments for Ophionyssus natricus in Reptiles?
|
Cleaning and Quarantine
Warm water soak for 30 min to decrease burden. Organophosphates Ivermectin Fipronil |
|
|
What Cryptosporidium species infect Snakes? Lizards?
|
Snakes- Cryptosporidium serptentis
Lizards- Cryptosporidium saurophilum |
|
|
What are the 3 mainfestations of Cryptosporidiosis in Reptiles?
|
1. Subclinical carrier state
2. Stomach (not self limiting, all ages affected) 3. Enteritis |
|
|
Are Pentastomes zoonotic?
|
YES (in lungs)
|
