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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The reproductive system includes:
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gonads, reproductive tract, and accessory sex glands
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What are the male primary reproductive organs (gonads)?
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testes
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What are the female primary reproductive organs (gonads)?
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ovaries
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Female gonads produce...
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ova (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone
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Male gonads produce...
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sperm and testosterone
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The male reproductive tract consists of
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epidymis, ductus vas deferns, and urethra
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The male accessory sex glands are...
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seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, and bulbourethral glands
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What are the functions of the female reproductive system?
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1) productive of ova (oogenesis)
2) reception of sperm 3) transportation of sperm and ovum to common site for union (conception/fertilization) 4) maintenance of developing fetus (pregnancy) and formation of placenta 5) giving birth to the baby (parturition) 6) nourising the infant after birth by milk production (lactation) |
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The product of fertilization for the first two months is called..? And then what?
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embryo
fetus |
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A cell's genetic code is organized into
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chromosomes
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Gametogenesis is accomplished by
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meiosis
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How many chromosomes do somatic (body) cells contain?
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46
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Sexual differentiation between males and females exists at three levels: (example given is for females)
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1) genetic sex: embryo with XX chromosomes
2) gonadal sex: undifferientated gonads develop into ovaries 3) phenotypic sex: no masculinizing hormones, external genitalia develop along female lines |
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What do Leydig cells secrete?
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testosterone
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Where are the seminiferous tubules located?
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in the testes
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What are spermatogonia?
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undifferentiated primordial germ cells (various stages of sperm development)
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What are the three steps of spermatogenesis?
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1) mitotic proliferation: one daughter cell splits -> two -> four primary spermatocytes
2) meiosis: spermatocytes yield four spermatids (each now have 23 single chromosomes) 3) packaging: spermatids are stripped of unnecessary organelles and specialized |
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What are the four parts of the sperm?
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1) head: nucleus
2) acrosome: "drill" to ovum 3) midpiece: energy 4) tail: movement |
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What are the functions of the Sertoli cells (housed in seminiferous tubules)?
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1) blood-testes barrier
2) provide sperm cells with nutrients 3)secrete androgen-binding protein and seminiferous tubule fluid |
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What two chemicals control testosterone secretion and spermatogenesis?
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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What is the function of GnrH?
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it controls the secretion of LH and FSH
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Sperm travel from
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the testis to the epididymis to the ductus (vas) deferens to the urethra
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What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
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supply fructose to sperm
secrete prostaglandins provide semen secretes fibrinogen |
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What is the function of the prostate gland?
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secretes alkaline fluid
provides clotting enzymes |
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What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
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secrete lubricating mucous
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Prostaglandins are
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chemical messengers
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After the oogonia are known as primary oocytes...
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they contain 46 replicated chromsomes and put into meiotic arrest for years until they are prepared for ovulation
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Before birth, each primary oocyte is surrounded by
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granulosa cells
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A primary oocyte and a granulosa cell is called a
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primary follicle
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The process of a follicle turning into scar tissue is called
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atresia
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Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte yields
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two daughter cells (each with 23 chromosomes)
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One of the daughter cells from the primary oocyte keeps most of the cytoplasm and is called the secondary oocyte (future ovum)...
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while the other daughter cell lforms the first polar body which degenerates
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The ovarian cycle consists of alternating...
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follicular and luteal phases
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What is the zona pellucida?
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it is the membrane of granulosa cells that covers the oocyte and separates it from the surrounding granulosa cells
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What is thecal cells?
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they are an outer laer formed by ovarian connective tissue with expanding granulosa cells
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Thecal cells and granulosa cells are called
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follicular cells
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What is the function of follicular cells?
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they secrete estrogen
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The antrum of a granulosa cells is a
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fluid filled cavity
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One of the follicles usually grows more rapidly than the others, developing into a
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mature (preovulatory, tertiary, or Graafian) follicle
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Describe ovulation
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The mature follicle bulges on the ovarian surface, creating a thin area that ruptuires to release the oocyte
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How are fraternal twins made?
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two follicles reach maturation and ovulate at the same time and are fertilized
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How are identical twins made?
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they develop from a single fertilized ovum that splits early in development
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What is luteinization?
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the follicular-turned-luteal cells enlarge and are converted into very active steroid hormone-producing tissue
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The corpus luteum secretes
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progesterone and small amounts of estrogen
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What to hormones in the body control estrogen and progesterone
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FSH and LH
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tonic means
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low-level, ongoing
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The LH surge
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halts estrogen synthesis, reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte, triggers producting of prostaglandins, differentiates follicular cells into luteinizing cells, causes ovulation
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The LH surge is an example of positive or negative feedback?
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positive
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What causes cyclic uterine changes?
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hormones during the ovarian cycle
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What are the two layers of the uterus?
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myometrium and the endometrium
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What is the proliferative phase?
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after the menstrual cycle, estrogen stimulates proliferation of epithelial cels, glands, and blood vessles in the endometrium increasing the 1 mm lining to 3-5 mm
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What is the secretury or profestational phase?
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after the proliferative phase, the corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen
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Where is the site of fertilization?
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the oviduct
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What are fimbrriae?
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fingerlike prokections that contract and guide the released ovum into the oviduct
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How long is the fertile period?
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48 hours
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What is allurin?
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a chemical released by mature eggs that attract sperm
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What do the acrosome enzymes do?
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They make a way for the sperm to penetrate the coronoa radiata and the zona pellucida
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A zygote is a
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fertilized ovum
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The blastocyst (ball of 50 cells...after morula...)
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implants in the endometrium through action of its trophoblastic enzymes
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The zygote divides rapidly to form a solid ball of cells called the
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morula
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The dense group of cells in the blastocyst is called
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the inner cell mass which becomes the fetus
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Swimming and fertilizing ability from sperm occurs in the
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epididymis
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What part of the sperm contains the genetic material?
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the head
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How does the tail of the sperm get its whiplikeness?
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the tail is filled with microtubules
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What type of junctions are betwen the blood and the testis?
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tight junctions
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