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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is GnRH produced by and what does it produce?
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Hypothalamus
Produces gonadotropin, LH and FSH |
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What produces hCG?
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made by trophoblast of placenta after conception
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Which subunit alpha or beta is unique and the same for LH, FSH, CG?
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alpha - same
Beta - unique |
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Which of the following share a receptor:
LH FSH CG |
LH and CG
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After menopause, which form of estrogen stops being produced?
Which is predominant before and after menopause? What in woman make estrogen (2) In circulation, most estrogen are bound by... |
17-beta-estradiol (estradiol)
17-beta-estradiol (estradiol), then estrone Ovaries and adipose alpha-globulin (SHBP) (sex hormone binding protein) |
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What converts androgen to estrogen?
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aromatase
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Estrogen effects the growth and development of: 6
this is in cooperation with what? |
Breast tissue, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, long bones and (closure of epiphyses), sex patterns of hair growth
progesterone |
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What enzyme converts androgen to estrogen?
progesterone to estrogen? Where is this found? |
aromatase
NaDPH reductase The ER of Granulosa, theca cells (ovarian), adipose tissue, brain, placental syncytiotrophblasts, blastocyst and bone |
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Estrogen and glucocorticoids have what type of receptors?
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Nuclear receptors
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Progestins have what type of activity in the CNS?
What development in the breast Changes in the endometrium, post-ovulation? |
depressive
alveolobular development Secretory changes in the endometrium |
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What is the effect of progesterone on LH?
What part of the ovaries make estrogen? |
suppresses LH
granulosa cells |
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Growth of cells are stimulated by .... and stimulate production of .... which is what type of feedback?
What is the stimulus for release of GnRH, and what suppress this? |
FSH
estrogen positive feedback pulse generator, estrogen |
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When does estrogen exert a negative feedback?
What does progesterone inhibit and when this falls off what happens? Corpus lueduem is developed by what hormone and what stimulates the production of progestin (progesterone) |
before and after the surge of FSH and LH
LH and bleeding starts LH, LH |
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Once LH falls off, what continues to stimulate the production of progesterone and what receptor does this use?
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hCG, if conception happens placenta will produce hCG
hCG binds to LH Rc and progesterone is continued to increase. |
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Estrogen stimulates the growth of .... and progestin causes this to become more of a ......
LH causes what to rupture? |
endometrium
secretory layer follicle |
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Primary amenorrhea is ...
defects include 4 things and which is the most common? |
failure to start menses
1. Hypothalamic: no GnRH (rare) 2. Pituitary: no LH or FSH (rare) 3. Ovarian: do not respond to LH or FSH; no sex hormones synthesized (most common) 4. Uterine: (rare) |
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Secondary amenorrhea is ...
defects include 5 things and which is most common? |
periods cease after being normal (not menopause)
1. Check for pregnancy 2. Hypothalamic-pituitary: (most common), not making GnRH or gonadotropin 3. Pituitary: post-partum necrosis, lose gonadotropins after delivery 4. Ovarain: no estrogen produced 5. Athlete's amenorrhea: diet, leanness, exertion, stress (stop menstrating because not enough fat storage) |
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Polycystic ovaries is...
1. defect in what enzyme? 2. what happens to follicles? 3. What increases in circulation? 4. How is this treated? (2) Will also see what? |
1. No ovulation, LH surge, however, no estrogen (deficiency in 21-hydroxylase)
2. FSH to fully prepare follicles so ovary becomes hard 3. increased circulating androgens (mild hirsuitism) 4. Suppress hyperandrogenism with continuously giving GnRH to suppress gonadotropin or treat with spironolactone which is a progestine hyperinsulinemia, because androgen cause increase of insulin |
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what are pre-menstrual syndromes?
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cramps, bloating, moods.
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Perimenopause occurs...
what becomes irregular (2) 2 symptoms are? |
years before and 1 year after last menstrual period
estrogens and gonadotropins heavy bleeding which can cause anemia and vaomoter symptoms (hot flashes) |
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Cremaster in males is used to...
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raise and lower the testies to maintain temperature, because sperm has optimal temperature.
If cold goes in and hot they drop. |
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Where does the sperm mature and where is it stored?
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It matures in the epidiymus and some storage occurs here.
Maturity finishes in Vas deferens and this is the main storage area |
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FSH is used to...
FSH acts on what and this stimulates what 2 things LH is used to... LH acts on what and stimulates what which does what 3 things? |
1. mature sperm and follicles
Acts on Seminiferous tubules and then the Sertoli cells. This stimulates spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis and ABP synthesis 2. make sex hormones stimulates Leyding cells which stimulates testosterone secretion. This has effects on CNS, stimulation of bone and muscle growth, and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics. |
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Androgen binding protein does what?
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gets testosterone and brings it back to Sertoli cells
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What hormone gives growth to male genitalia?
What hormone is to blame for male patterned baldness? |
testosterone
androgen |
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spermiogenesis: spermatids mature to ...., where is this within?
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spermatozoa, seminiferous tubules
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What binds with acromsoma vesicles to form acromsome?
What does the acrosome contain with in it? What is there a lot of around the microtubles? What does the acrosome aquire to make it tougher and more potent? |
golgi
protoyltic enzyme mitochondria Cholesterol |
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What does the prostate do for sperm?
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1. Alkalizes semen to about 7.5, because vagina is acidic.
2. Provides Ca and phosphorous 3. Provides fibrinolysis which breaks clots to allow sperm to get to egg |
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Seminal vesicles provide what to sperm?
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nutrients and viscosity
- fructose = energy -prostaglandins = stmulate fallopin tubules to contract to help carry egg and sperm along -citric acid = buffering agent and used as some energy |
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Sperm must penetrate the layer of granulosa cells known as...
It also must get through... This is where acrosome releases... by binding to a receptor on .... and then does what.... Then what occurs.. |
corona radiata
zona pellucida proteinases, ZP, and then disassembles, Membranes of sperm and ovum fuse and ovum releases granules that prevent the binding of additional sperm. |
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Where is estrogen produced and how? (in males)
Estrogen deficiency does what? (unopposed androgen) (5) |
Testis and tissues containing aromatase
1. hypergonadotropism (larger sex organs) 2. macroorchidism (larger testicles) 3.changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (more muscle mass and bone) 4. will be more aggressive 5. limbs will usually get larger than usual because estrogen not closing plates |
