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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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meiosis
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speacial form of cell division required for gamete production
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gamete
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egg or sperm
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spermatogenesis
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produces spermatoza
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oogenesis
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produces ova (eggs)
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meiosis
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reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to 1/2 the parent cell
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meiosis
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human cells contain 23 pairs (homologonus) or 46 chromosomes( diploid number)
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haploid number
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mature ova and sperm only have 1/2 chromosomes
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meiosis
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when cells unite during fertilization, they will restore the diploid number
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1* male sex organs
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testes-
produce sperm cells, hormones |
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2* male sex organs
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epididymes, ductus (vas) deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal vesicels, prostate glands,bulbourrethal
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What do male 2* sex organs do?
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function to store/ transport sperm or produce fluid
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testes
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-contained in scrotum
-suspended by spermatic cord -tunica albuginea-c.t. covering -divided into lobules |
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cryptorchidism
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failure of testes to descend
-can develop into cancer and casue infertility |
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Each lobule contains
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-interstitial cells= produce androgens(testosterone)
-spermatogenic cells(produce sperm cells) -sustentacular cells- (provide support and protection for developing sperm cells) |
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pathway of sperm
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rete testis- epididymis-vas deferens- ejaculatory duct- urethra
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spermatogenic cells
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-undifferentiated spermatogonia
-cells can undergo mitosis -1* spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce sperm cells -located at base of seminiferous tubules -cells moves toward lumen as spermatogenesis proceeds |
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epididymis
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-site of sperm storage and maturation
-secretes glycogen if not used, sperm cells disintegrate and are replaced by continous supply -if sperm are used they will continue and be released into the urethra |
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Vas Deferens
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-part of spermatic cord
-leaves epididymis and travel thru canal, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity. -distal end is dialated= ampulla -unites with seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct -ejaculatory duct empties into urethra |
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vasectomy
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vas deferens is severed and blocks the sperm from coming in
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seminal vesicles
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-parred glands found near base of bladder
-secretes fluid=slightly alkaline, contains frutose, prostiglandins -empties into ejaculatory glands |
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prostate gland
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-single gland
-secretes large amounts of slightly alkaline fluid)helps sperm ^ mobility) -fluid is secreted directly into urethra |
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prosta cancer
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detected by PSA test
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bulbourethal gland
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-paired glands found lateral to membranous urethra
-aka cowpers gland secretes mucus like fluid directly into urethra-functions to lubricate glans penis |
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seminal fluid (semen)
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ph=7.5
average volume released=2-6 ml 120 sperm cells/ ml 1-3 day survival after leaving tract |
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scrotum
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-smooth muscle
-temp. is 3* lower then normal body temp |
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penis
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body=irrectile tissue
1)corpus spongiosum= urethra passes through( middle, ventral) 2) corpus cavernosa(2 columns) |
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glands penis
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-distal end of spongiosum
-contains external urethral orifice |
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prepuce (foreskin)
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over ends of glands
circumcision |
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Male hormones
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GnRH, FSH, LH (ICSH), androgens
Hypothal. releases GnRH |
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Stimulates ant. pituitary to release gonadotropins
1) FSH |
-stim. sustentacular cells
- then, with testosterone stim. spermatotogenis |
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2) LH ( ICSH)
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-stim. interstitial cells to secrete androgens(testosterone)
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Testes
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-interstitial cells secrete androgens at puberty.
a) promotes spermatogenesis b)develops and maintains 2* sex characteristics. |
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Androgens negtive feedback
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hypothalamus & ant. pituitary
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ovaries
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-1* sex organs= produce eggs/ hormones
-migration- to pelvic cavity -cortex- contains follicles ( masses of cells w/ developing egg) -medulla- blood vessels |
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Ovarian ligaments
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-ovarian ligaments - attached to uterus
-suspensory- blood supply -broad- largest -ovaries- pelvic bone |
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primordial follicles
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-contains 1 million at birth
-400,000 left at puberty(begining of oogenesis -consists of 1* oocyte & surrounding follicle cells 2* oocytes produced - can't pass this stage without sperm |
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oogenesis
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-egg production (meiosis) begins at puberty
-End result= one ovum(haploid) =3 non-functional polar bodies |
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Uterine (fallopian tube)
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-takes eggs to uterus
-fimbriae -cilia -smooth muscle peristaisis -fertilization occurs in upper 2/3 of tube |
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infundibulum
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expansion of tube near ovary
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ectopic pregnancy
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non-viable pregnancy
can cause pain and bleeding |
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uterus
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-recieves embryo
-broad upper portion=body -narrow lower portion= cervix |
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3 layers of the uterus
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-endomertrium= inner, glandular
-myometrium=thick, smooth muscle -perimentrium= outer |
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External female reproductive organs
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labia majora and minora, clitoris,and vestibular glands
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female hormones
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originate from ovary, placenta adrenal gland and adipose tissue.
-estrogen -progesterone -androgens |
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estrogen
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primarily from the ovaries (follicle cells- also CL)
- 2* sex characteristics |
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progesterone
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-primarily from the ovaries(CL)
-responsible for maintaining the uterus |
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Androgens
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from the adrenal cortex
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female reproductive cycle
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-hypothalamus(GnRH)
-anterior pituitary (FSH and LH) -gonadotropins -ovaries- estrogen and progesterone |
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female reproductive cycle- controlled by negative feedback
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increase estrogen- decrease FSH
increase progesterone- decrease LH |
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hormonal control of menstral cycle
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FSH- stimulates follicles to mature and produce estrogen. 1st half
LH surge(day 14) -cause ovulation cells left behind for the corpus luteum (CL) |
