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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Goal of Reproductive System
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To produce haploid (n) gametes so that union of female + male gametes produces a diploid (2n) new person
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Spermatogenesis and temp. sensitivity
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Heat exchange occurs in the vessels of the spermatic cord and the cremaster M draws scrotum toward body to regulate scrotal temp.
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Semen=
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Spermatozoa + seminal fluid (secretion of seminal vesicles and prostate)
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Spermatozoa production and storage
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Spermatozoa:
produced: in seminiferous tubules of testis mature and develop motility: in epididymis stored: in epidid and vas deferens |
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Spermatic cord=
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(TTVCL)
testicular artery testicular vein the vas the cremaster muscle and n's lymphatics cord passes thru inguinal canal |
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Testes are divided into:
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compartments (lobules) containing long seminiferous tubules in which spermatogenesis occurs
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Leydig cells:
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make testosterone
occur in clusters between tubules in testes |
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Anatomy of Spermatozoa
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a head (bears an acrosome)
a middle piece (contains mitochondria) a tail |
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Spermatogenesis
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forms ~125 mill spermatozoa per day.
takes about 65 days; 7-10 days to traverse epididymis |
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Sertoli cells:
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Make up tubule's adluminal compartment
large cells that support spermatogenesis phagocytose excess cytoplasm during spermiogenesis and maintain blood-testis barrier |
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Sperm Flow:
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(TEVEU)
testis epidid vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra |
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Seminal vesicle
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joins vas to form ejaculatory duct
Produce an alkaline fluid rich in fructose most important in the fluid are antioxidants to protect the chromosomes the sperm cell carries |
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Prostate
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surrounds urethra (below vesicle neck) and ejaculatory ducts
produces PSA (a complex fluid), acid phosphatase |
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spermatogenesis=
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Spermatogonia
primary than secondary spermatocyte spermatids spermatozoa |
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Spermiogenesis is:
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transformation of spherical spermatid into spermatazoa
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Spermiation is:
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release of spermatozoa into lumen of tubule
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the male hormones are:
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(LFTAI)
LH and FSH testosterone ABP inhibin negative feedback |
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Anatomy of Penis:
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Paired large dorsal corpora cavernosa
single ventral corpus spongiosum surrounds urethra and continues into glans bulb and crura anchor corpora in perineum |
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Ovaries
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supported by ligaments and mesovarium
has a hilum, cortex in which are follicles, and a vascular medulla |
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Sequence of ovary maturation:
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Primoridial follicle
1st than 2ndry follicle Mature Follicle rupture corpus luteum corpus albicans |
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In a mature follicle:
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an antrum is filled with fluid produced by granulosa cells
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oocyte is surrounded by:
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a zona pellucida +
palisade of granulosa cells (the corona radiata) |
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Oogenesis:
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oogonia (fetal)
primary oocyte (decades at this stage) secondary oocyte (if ovulated) ovum (if fertilized) |
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Follicle consists of:
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an oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells
stromal theca cells surround the follicle |
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Granulosa cells:
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surround oocyte
secrete estrogen |
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The corpus luteum:
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consists of remaining granulosa cells + theca cells
Produces: (RIPE) relaxin inhibin progesterone estrogen negative feedback |
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Fallopian tubes/uterine tubes/oviducts
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are narrow medially (the isthmus)
wider laterally (the ampulla, where fertilization usually occurs) dilated end (infundibulum) that has fimbriae |
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cilia of epithelium:
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sweep secondary oocyte/ovum medially to uterine cavity
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Uterus:
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has serosa-covered fundus
a thick muscular wall supported by broad, round, cardinal and uterosacral ligaments |
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Cervix:
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narrow, with endocervical canal continuing into endometrial-lined uterine
cavity has internal and external OS (mouth) |
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Pouch of Douglas
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between uterus and rectum
a peritoneal recess |
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Vagina:
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a normally collapsed, distensible tube
has fornix at apex around cervix rugal folds lined by non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium |
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Perineum:
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the pelvic floor
the area between external genitalia and anus |
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Vulva=
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mons pubis
labia majora labia minora clitoris vestibule (area covered by labia minora, with openings of urethra and vagina) bulb of vestibule with adjacent Bartholin's glands |
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At midcycle:
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High estrogen levels from mature follicle
positive feedback LH surge induces ovulation |
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If no fertilization:
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Corpus luteum involutes
hormone levels fall menstruation occurs |
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If fertilization occurs:
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hCG from zygote acts as LH
maintains the CL so hormone secretion continues |
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lumenal stratum functionalis
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in endometrium
sheds at each cycle supplied by spiral arterioles |
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inner stratum basalis
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in endometrium
give rise to new stratum functionalis supplied by straight arterioles |
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Sequence of endometrial sloughing:
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falling hormone levels
prostaglandin release constriction of spiral arterioles slough of stratum functionalis |
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Endometrium consists of:
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tubular glands
lined by columnar epithelium surrounded by stroma cells |
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Endometrial phases:
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Proliferative: during follicular phase- due to estrogen stimulation
Secretory: during luteal phase - due to estrogen + progesterone (from CL) |
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Embryologic development:
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undifferentiated gonad develops by default into ovary
only if Y chromosome is present with its SRY gene do Leydig cells develop, produce testosterone and the gonad develops into testis |
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Male/Female embryologic structures/ducts:
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male structures use mesonephric duct
female structures use paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct |
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Homologous structures (derive from same embryonic tissue)
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ovary and testis
labia minora and penis (spongy) urethra labia majora and scrotum glans penis and clitoris |
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Spermatogenesis and Oogeneisis lifespan
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Spermatogenesis- begins in puberty; continues all life
Oogenesis- begins during fetal life; continues to menopause |
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GnRH
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FSH + LH
both then promote growth of ovarian follicle and stimulate follicle to secrete estrogen |
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LH
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at midcycle, triggers ovulation then promotes formation of CL
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Corpus Luteum produces:
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estrogen
progesterone relaxin inhibin |
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estrogens
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develop and maintain female reproductive structures and female secondary characteristics; anabolism
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Progesterone
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prepares endometrium to receive fertilized ovum
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relaxin
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relaxes myometrium
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inhibin
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inhibits FSH
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A single primary spermatocyte produces
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4 spermatids via 2 rounds of cell division (meiosis I & II)
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Spermiogenesis
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final stage of spermatogenesis
development of haploid spermatids into sperm No cell division occurs spherical spermatids transform into elongated, slender sperm. |
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LH
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stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
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FSH
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acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis
FSH along with testosterone stimulate Sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP) (promotes effect of testosterone) and inhibin (which by negative feedback inhibits release of FSH) |
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by negative feedback testosterone
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inhibits release of GnRH and LH
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testosterone promotes
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spermatogenesis and regulates gene expression in target cells:
prenatal development of male genitalia; post-pubertal development of male 2o sex characteristics and sexual behavior; anabolism |
