Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is achieved by the production of gametes?
|
so that organisms reproduce sexually.
|
|
|
What do the male and female reproductive systems do?
|
they produce, store, nourish, and transport gametes
|
|
|
what is a gamete?
|
a gamete is the reproductive cell that contains half the normal content of chromosomal DNA
|
|
|
What are the two types of gametes?
|
male= spermatozoa (sperm)
female= oocytes (egg) |
|
|
Fertilizations is what?
|
the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
|
|
|
What are the components to the male system?
|
- testes= male gonads, produce sperm
- penis= delivers the sperm to the female reproductive system...sperm is expelled through the penis in semen during ejaculation |
|
|
What are the components to the female system?
|
-the ovaries= female gonads, produce oocytes (eggs)
-oocytes travel along the uterine tube towards that uterus - vagina also serves as the birth canal during delivery of the baby |
|
|
What are the different ducts of the male reproductive system?
|
- epidydimis
- ductus deferends( vas deferens) - ejaculatory duct |
|
|
What are the accessory organs and external genitalia of the male?
|
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland - bulbourethral - scrotum - penis |
|
|
What is the penis?
|
a tubular structure that hangs anterior to the body (ventral of four-legged animals)
...to states = flacid and erect |
|
|
What is a scrotum?
|
a sac-like structure immediately posterior to the flacid penis
|
|
|
The penis and the scrotum are covered by a very thin layer of skin.
|
it is ~ 50 micrometers thick.
|
|
|
Where are the testicles housed?
|
in the scrotum
|
|
|
Where is the epididymis located?
|
it is rested on the posterior aspect of each testicle.
|
|
|
Where is the vas deferens ( ductus deferens) located?
|
it extends from the epididymis to the urethra, transferring sperm from the testicle to the urethra.
the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands contribute to the production of semen |
|
|
Where to the testes develop?
|
They develop within the body cavity
|
|
|
Before birth, the testes pass through the inguinal canal and descend into he scrotum
|
the testes remain connected to internal structures via the spermatic cord
|
|
|
As the testis descends, a portion of the peritoneum pinches off to become a serous membrane (tunica vaginalis) surrounding the testis.
|
free card :D
|
|
|
free card :)
|
sperm can only be produced in strict temperature range, a few degrees below body temperature.
|
|
|
What are the two muscles that help regulate the temperature of the testicles?
|
- dartos muscle and the cremaster muscle.
- dartos- is a smooth muscle that wrinkles the skin of the scrotal sac (increasing or decreasing surface area to radiate or conserve heat) - cremaster- is a skeletal muscle that lifts the testes closer to the body cavity to warm them or drop them farther from the body cavity to cool them |
|
|
Where does the cremaster muscle originate from?
|
- originates and inserts at the same location (inguinal ligament)
- no homologous muscles in females - a skeletal muscle but not under voluntary control. |
|
|
What are the two chambers of the scrotum separated by?
|
a wall call the scrotal septum (visibly externally as the raphe)
|
|
|
What is each testicle surrounded by?
|
by a tunica vaginalis, cremaster muscle and superficial scrotal fascia
|
|
|
What is the posterior border of the testis covered by?
|
epididymis
|
|
|
Into what sections is the epididymis divided into?
|
1. head
2. body 3. tail |
|
|
efferent ducts connect the testis to the epididymis
|
sperm leave the epididymis via the vas deferens
|
|
|
What is the "pinched off"portion of the peritoneum?
|
the tunica vaginalis
|
|
|
Where is the tunica albuginea?
|
it is located deep to the tunica vaginalis
|
|
|
Fibers of the white tunica albuginea project deep into testi forming speta, walls divide the testis into lobules that lobuels containing coiled seminiferous tubules.
|
pedro hanna
|
|
|
where is sperm developed?
|
within the seminiferous tubuels
|
|
|
Seminiferous tubules from different lobules merge into a network of vessels called what?
|
rete testis
|
|
|
The efferent ductules emerge fr om rete testis and carry sperm to the head of the epididymis.
|
each tube is ~50 cm long
|
|
|
Where does spermogenesis occur?
|
it occurs within the serminiferous tubules
|
|
|
What is it that produces the androgens ( male sex hormone)
|
the interstitial cells between seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
What cells sustain sperm production?
|
Sertenacular cells against the interior wall of seminiferous tubules (surrounding sperm) sustain sperm production
|
|
|
- sperm passes from seminiferous tubules into rete testis
- efferent ductules connect rete testis to epididymis - sperm are stored in the epididymis until ejaculation |
....touches tooth slowly
|
|
|
What are the stages of sperm production?
|
1. mitosis of sperm cells (spermatogonia) to produce primary spermatocyte.
2. meiosis of primary spermatocyte to produce haploid spermatids (undifferentiated male gametes) 3. spermiogenesis- the differentiation of pspermatids into mature spermatozoa (sperm) |
|
|
1. spermatogenesis proceeds from the wall of the seminiferous tubule inward toward the lumen
|
2. stem cell speratogonia near the wall of the tubule divide by mitosis to make spermatocytes
|
|
|
3. spermatocytes divide by meiosis to make spermatids
|
4. spermatids mature into spermatozoa (sperm)
|
|
|
The head of a sperm...
|
contains the nucleus with densely packed chromosomes
|
|
|
The neck of the sperm...
|
( middle piece) filled with mitochondria to produce the ATP requiried to move the tail
|
|
|
the tail of the sperm...
|
the only flagellum in the human body
|
|
|
What is the final stage of the sperm production?
|
- spermiogenesis.
|
|
|
what happens during spermiogenesis?
|
the maturation of immature spermatids into mature sperm
|
|
|
Spermiogenesis is marked by what characteristic of the sperm?
|
the noticing of the head, neck, and tail
|
|
|
What in the sperm develops from the golgi apparatus and contains enzymes for fertilization?
|
the acrosomal cap
|
|
|
What produces mature spermatozoa (sperm)?
|
the testies
|
|
|
Until when is the spermatozoa motile?
|
once it exits the epididymis.
|
|
|
The epididymis does what to the mature spermatozoa?
|
it stores it
|
|
|
What is an epididymis?
|
- is a n elongated tubule with head, body, and tail regions.
- monitors & adjusts fluid in seminiferous tubules - stores & protects spermatozoa until ejaculation |
|
|
how do immotile sperm propel through epididymis?
|
by stereocilia
|
|
|
what is the functional maturation of sperm?
|
capacitation
|
|
|
what is the ability to swim and fertilize an egg?
|
functional maturation of sperm
|
|
|
In how many steps does capacitation happen?
|
2
|
|
|
what are the two steps of capacitation?
|
- sperm mixed with secretions from the seminal vesicles( especially fructose)
- sperm exposed to the female reproductive tract |
|
|
Where does the ductus deferens begin?
|
at the tail of the epididymis
|
|
|
Into how many regions does the male urethra divide into?
|
3
|
|
|
What are the different regions that the make urethra divide into?
|
1. prostatic urethra. prostate gland
2. penile (spongy) urethra.penis 3. membranous urethra. urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
|
- seminal vesicles
- prostate - bulbourethral gland |
|
|
What do the accessory glands of the male do?
|
they produce secretion that
- activate sperm - provide nutrients to sperm - produce buffers to protect sperm - propel sperm |
|
|
How much does the seminal vesicle contribute to total semen volume?
|
60%
|
|
|
What does the seminal vesicle contribute in its secretions?
|
-fructose =nutrient that sperm consume to make ATP for flagellar movement.
- prodtiglandins = stimulate smooth muscle contractions in both male and female reproductive tracts. - fibrinogen- causes semen to clot temporarily. |
|
|
When do all of them secretions mix with sperm?
|
during emission.
|
|
|
What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
|
- seminal vesicles
- prostate - bulbourethral gland |
|
|
What do the accessory glands of the male do?
|
they produce secretion that
- activate sperm - provide nutrients to sperm - produce buffers to protect sperm - propel sperm |
|
|
How much does the seminal vesicle contribute to total semen volume?
|
60%
|
|
|
What does the seminal vesicle contribute in its secretions?
|
-fructose =nutrient that sperm consume to make ATP for flagellar movement.
- prodtiglandins = stimulate smooth muscle contractions in both male and female reproductive tracts. - fibrinogen- causes semen to clot temporarily. |
|
|
When do all of them secretions mix with sperm?
|
during emission.
|
|
|
What is the prostate gland?
|
-it contributes 20-30% total volume of semen
- the slightly acididc secretion inclused seminal plamin, an antibiotic that protect against UTI - wrapped in smooth muscle peristaltic contractions empty secretions in to urethra |
|
|
What is the bulbourethral gland?
|
- contributes ~5% total semen volume
- secretes an alkaline mucus that lubricates the penile urethra and tip of penis prior to ejaculation - alkalinity of mucus neutralizes urinary and vaginal acids |
|
|
what is semen?
|
semen is the fluid released during ejaculation that contains sperm and a mixture of the secrections from accessory glands
|
|
|
what is ejaculate?
|
the semen released during ejaculation
|
|
|
what is the typical amount of ejaculation?
|
2-5 mL
|
|
|
how many sperms are in the typical amount of ejaculte?
|
20-100 million sperm cells
|
|
|
what makes up the formed elements of semen?
|
sperm
|
|
|
What is the penis?
|
the penis a a tubular structure that conducts both urine and semen
|
|
|
What does the skin over the penis resemble?
|
the skin resembles the scrotum. thin loosely connected to underlying structures
|
|
|
what are the three masses of erectile tissue?
|
- two corpara cvernosa; diverge at the base of penis to form the two crura
- one corpus spongiosum surrounding the urethra; expanss at the tip to fill the glans |
|
|
what produces the dialation of the erectile tissue
|
blood capillaries produces erection
|
|
|
What are the four male reproductive hormones?
|
- FSH- follicle stimulating hormone
- LH- leutinizing hormone - GnRH- gonadotropin releasing hormone - Testosterone- most important for male secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
What are the female reproductive organs?
|
- ovaries
- uterine tubes - breasts - vagina - uterus |
|
|
What stores and developes mature oocytes?
|
the ovaries
|
|
|
where is the site of fertilization?
|
uterine tube
|
|
|
What carries the egg to the uterus?
|
the uterine tube
|
|
|
Where is the site of sperm deposition and birth canal?
|
the vagina
|
|
|
what is the hollow pear-shaped organ that immediatlye superioir to the urinary bladder?
|
the uterus
|
|
|
how many ovaries do women have?
|
two
|
|
|
Where are the ovaries located?
|
lateral to the uterus
|
|
|
where is the vagina located?
|
it is a hollow tubular structure connecting teh uterus to the outside
|
|
|
What are the four supporting ligaments?
|
- broad ligament
- ovarian ligament - round ligaments - suspensory ligaments |
|
|
what is the broad ligament?
|
it encloses ovaries, uterus and uterine tues and attaches them to the body wall
|
|
|
what is the ovarian ligament?
|
it sstablizes the ovaris relative to the uterus
|
|
|
What is the round ligament?
|
it attaches the uterus to the body wall
|
|
|
What is the suspensory ligament?
|
it attaches ovaries to the body wall
|
|
|
where is the site of maturing oocytes
|
the ovaries
|
|
|
How many oocytes are released monthly?
|
just one, due to puberty and menopause
|
|
|
how is the ovaries held up?
|
by the ovarian and suspensory ligaments
|
|
|
where do the blood vessles enter and exit from the ovaries?
|
through the ovarian hilus
|
|
|
what are the ovaries covered by?
|
tunica albuginea
|
|
|
what is the production of mature ovum called?
|
oogenesis
|
|
|
the mature ovum is only mature after what process?
|
after fertilization
|
|
|
what occurs in a two phase ovarian cycle?
|
oogenesis
|
|
|
what are the two phases needed in oogenesis?
|
- follicular phase
- luteal phase |
|
|
What is the ovarian cycle?
|
- formation of primary; secondary and tertiary follicles inside the ovaries
- ovulation - formation and degeneration of the corpus leteum |
|
|
What is the follicular phase?
|
- FSH stimulates development of 10-12 primodial follicles
- ~6 primordial follicles wil continue development to secondary follicle stage - only one will reach tertiary starge (within 8-10 days) |
|
|
What is the luteal phase?
|
- rising concentrations of LH in the blood causes ovulation and development of corpus luteum
- during ovulation, the 3ed follicule ruptures releasing 2 oocyte with corona radiata - the corpus luteum develops from the ruptured remains of thefollice, releases hormones and then degenerates ~ 12 days after ovulation |
|
|
What are the different names for the uterine tubes?
|
- fallopian tubes
- ovarian tubes - oviducts |
|
|
What does the uterine tube consist of?
|
- infundibulum- the end closest to the ovary; has numerous finger-like projections called fimbrae; does not actually connect to the ovary
- ampulla- middle portion with a "U" turn in it - isthmus- narrow segment connected to the uterus |
|
|
the uterine tube from each ovary opens directly into the uterine cavity
|
oocyte comes down only ne tube each month (usually alternate)
|
|
|
When does fertilization usually occure after ovulation during passage of egg from infundibulum to uterus?
|
12-24 hours
|
|
|
What is the oocyte transported though
|
teh uterine tube by beating of cilia and peristaltic contractions
|
|
|
how long does it take for an oocyte ot move from teh infundibulum to the uterus?
|
3-4 days
|
|
|
the contractions of the the uterine musculature expel baby during delivery.
|
smile :)
|
|
|
what ligaments support the uterus?
|
the broad ligament and suspensory ligament
|
|
|
what is the size of a non-pregnent woman''s uterus?
|
3x2 inches
|
|
|
What are the functions of the uterus?
|
- impact protection for teh develpoing baby
- nutritional support support for the developing baby - waste removal for the developing baby |
|
|
retroflexion v. anteflexion
|
is the curve of the uterus
|
|
|
What are the pouches surrounding the cervix called?
|
fornix
|
|
|
what are the major anatomical landmarks of the uterus?
|
- body
- fundus - cervix -cervical os - internal os - cervical canal - uterine cavity |
|
|
what is the cervix?
|
a narrow protrusion of teh uterus into the vagina
|
|
|
when is cervial cancer most common in women?
|
in the ages 15- 34
|
|
|
the test for cervical cancer should be taken every 1-3 years. these are called pap smears
|
matthew 5
|
|
|
The uterine wall consists of what?
|
-endometrium = a thin, inner glandular mucosa
- myometrium = a thick muscular layer - perimetrium = an incomplete serosa continuous with the peritoneum |
|
|
What is the endometruim divided into?
|
basilar zone, near the myometruim
functional zone, near the uterine cavity |
|
|
when does the endometrium go through significant change?
|
during the menstral cycle
|
|
|
What are the three stages to the menstral cycle?
|
- secretory phase= endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate rates of secretion
- menses= degeneration of the endometrium (menstral bleeding) - proliferative phase= restoration of the endometrium, preparation for glandular activty |
|
|
What are the major features and function of the vagina?
|
- it is the passageway for the elimination of mentral fluids
- recieves the enis during sexual intercourse - forms the inferior portion of the birth canal - the vagina is 3-4 inches in length - the vaginal opening may be partialy or completely covered over by a thin membranse ( the hymen ) before the first penetration |
|
|
What does the lining of the vagina consist of?
|
- unkeratinized startified squamous epithelia, rich vascular supply and bundles of smooth muscle
- resident bacteria create an acidic enviorment that restricts the growth of more harmful organisms |
|
|
What is the external genitalia of the female collectively called?
|
teh uvula
|
|
|
What does the uvula consist of?
|
- vestibule
- labia minora - labia majora - clitoris - urethral orifice - vaginal orifice - mons pubis |
|
|
What is the mons pubis covered in?
|
pubic hair
|
|
|
True or false. the labia minora is a fold of smooth, hairless skin
|
true
|
|
|
What is equivalent to teh scrotum?
|
the lavia are the female equivalent to the male scrotum
|
|
|
the thrid fold that extends over the clotoris to form the prepuce of the clitoris.
|
:) patrick dance
|
|
|
What acts as a cushion during sexual intercourse?
|
the mons pubis
|
|
|
What is teh equivalent to the clitoris on the female as it is to the male?
|
the penis
|
|
|
glands of the clitoris enlarge anterior aspect of the organ.
|
:)
|
|
|
How many nerve endings does the clitoris have?
|
> 8,00 nerve endings
|
|
|
What discharges the secretions into tthe vagina and vestible when sexually aroused?
|
the vestibular gland and paraurethral gland
|
|
|
what is the function of the breast?
|
lactation, under the control of reproductive hormones (OT and PRL)
|
|
|
What support and protect the milk-producing glands?
|
mammary fat pads
|
|
|
From where is the milk discharged from?
|
the nipple
|
|
|
What is the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple?
|
areola
|
|
|
What gives the areola the grainy texture?
|
the large sebacious glands
|
|
|
what gets darker during pregnancy and stays the dark color for the rest of the woman's life. this is said to help the baby fid the nipple.
|
the areola
|
|
|
true or false. the female breast in are two diffrent sizes and shape
|
true
|
|
|
mammals are?
|
the universal presence of milk-producing breast in animals that nurse their young give rise to the menclature.
|
|
|
Where is most non-pregnant female breast adipose tissue?
|
superfical to the pecotral muscles
|
|
|
What type of ligament support the adipose pads and mammary gland structures?
|
the suspensory ligament
|
|
|
Where does milk production begin?
|
the lobules of the mammary glands
|
|
|
do the lobules enlarge during pregnancy and the breast feeding period?
|
yes.
|
|
|
in pregnant females what makes up the bulk mass of the breast?
|
enlarged mammary glands
|
|
|
Where does the milk produced in the lobes drain into?
|
the lactiferous ducts and is collected in lactiferous sinus
|
|
|
What are the key hormones that control ovarian and uterine cycles?
|
- GnRh= controls the release of gonadotropins
- FSH= stimulates follicular development - LH= maintains structure and secretory function of teh corpus leteum - estrogen= makor hormone for female secondary sexual characteristics - progesterone= stimulates endometrial secretory phase |
|
|
Where does milk production begin?
|
the lobules of the mammary glands
|
|
|
do the lobules enlarge during pregnancy and the breast feeding period?
|
yes.
|
|
|
in pregnant females what makes up the bulk mass of the breast?
|
enlarged mammary glands
|
|
|
Where does the milk produced in the lobes drain into?
|
the lactiferous ducts and is collected in lactiferous sinus
|
|
|
What are the key hormones that control ovarian and uterine cycles?
|
- GnRh= controls the release of gonadotropins
- FSH= stimulates follicular development - LH= maintains structure and secretory function of teh corpus leteum - estrogen= makor hormone for female secondary sexual characteristics - progesterone= stimulates endometrial secretory phase |
|
|
What are the male arousal stages?
|
- arousal= leads to erection of the penis under parasympathetic stimulation
- ejaculation= results i semen being ejected through external urethral meatus; occurs under sympathetic stimulation - detumescene= the subsidence of erection( return to flacid state); mediated by the sympathetic division |
|
|
What is the male function?
|
- male sexual funtion is contrilled by both the sypathetic and parasymoathetic division of the ANS
|
|
|
What are the four phases in the erection of teh flacid penis?
|
1. excitement (arousal) - parasympathetic
2. plateau- sympathetic 3. orgasm (climax, ejaculation)- sympathetic 4. detumescence (resolution)-sympathetic |
|
|
What are the muscles that are contracting during ejaculation?
|
- the ischiocavernosus and the bulbouspongiosus
|
|
|
What do the muscles do during ejaculation?
|
- they propel semen through the urethra and provide sensation of orgasm
|
|
|
During arousal what of the female is erected?
|
the clitoris
|
|
|
what is moistened by natural lubrication for intercourse?
|
the vaginal surfaces.
|
|
|
What causes the engorgement of vlood vessels in nipples, increasing in their sensitivity?
|
the parasympathetic stimulation
|
|
|
During an orgasm what muscles are contracted?
|
the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscle
|
|
|
How do most women reach the orgasm?
|
through the clitoris or the vaginal stimulous
|
|
|
both sexes use the BRAIN as the major sex organ and not the genitals
|
hello love :)
|
|
|
what are the triggers that contribute to the sexual experience?
|
sight, smell, sounds, tastes, touch, and thoughts
|
|
|
is birth control 100% effective?
|
NO
|
|
|
What is the blueprint to life?
|
DNA
|
|
|
What are codons?
|
the code consists of 3-nucleotide long words
|
|
|
How many nucleotides in teh human DNA?
|
~3 billion, coding for 50,000-200,000 unique protiens
|
|
|
what does DNA not encode?
|
protien
|
|
|
DNA between two different people are how much alike?
|
99% alike
|
|
|
The sequence of the DNA is used to differenciate what?
|
identification and development
|
|
|
What is development?
|
gradual modification of physical characteristics
|
|
|
what is differentiation?
|
the creation of different types of cells
|
|
|
What are the stages of development?
|
- prenatal= development
- embryological = changes that occur during the fisrt 8 weeks after fertilization - fetal= changes that occur from the start of the 9th week untill birth - postnatal= development begins at birth and continues to maturity |
|
|
How is fertilization achieved?
|
by the fusion of two haploid gametes
|
|
|
what does fertilization produce?
|
a diploid zygote (46 chormosomes arranged in 23 pairs)
|
|
|
What are the two enzymes that the sperm releases?
|
hyaluronidase and acrosin. these are required to penetrate the corona radiata
|
|
|
What is the movement of fertilization?
|
when a single spermatozoan penetrates the corona radiata and contacts the oocyte cell membrane
|
|
|
what is amphomixis?
|
when the sperm deposits its DNa into the oocyte and the sperm pronucleus unites with egg pronucleus
|
|
|
What is gestation?
|
The process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth.
|
|
|
In how long does gestation happen for?
|
3 trimesters each 3 months long
|
|
|
What is the first trimester?
|
-characterized by embryological and early fetal development
-the rudiments of all organ systems appear |
|
|
What is the second trimester?
|
- complete development of organs
|
|
|
What is the third trimester?
|
characterized by rapid growth
all organ systems become fully functional |
|
|
When will the total number of cells in your body will double ~45 times
|
during fertilization to adulthood
|
|
|
How many cells is the typical adlts composed of?
|
60-100 trillion cells
|
|
|
During the first trimester what is cleavage?
|
the sequence of cell division that occur between fertilization and implantation
|
|
|
what is implantation?
|
blastocyte burrows into uterine endometrium
|
|
|
What is placentation?
|
maternal blood vessels from around blastocyte
|
|
|
what is embryogenesis?
|
formation of a viable embryo
|
|
|
What is cleavage?
|
teh series of cell divisions that subdivides the cytoplasm f the zygote to form a multicellular blastocyst
|
|
|
What is a blastocyst?
|
- the blastocyst is nearly hollow sphere of cells; the hollow interior is called the blastocoele
- a lump of cells attached to one art of the inner wall is called the inner cell mass (ICM) - the blastocyst is fully formed within one week of fertilization |
|
|
In how many days does implantation happen?
|
within 7 days after fertilization
|
|
|
What does the blastocyst consist of?
|
trophoblast- the outer cell layer of the blastocyst
inner cell mass- a cluster of cells at one pole of the blastocyst. |
|
|
what is believed to direct the differentiation of daughter cells?
|
induction
|
|
|
What enlarges and secretes enzymes that "digest" channels in the uterine endometrial wall
|
trophoblast of the blastocyst
|
|
|
Through where does the blood go through to get to the blastocyst for oxygen and nutrients?
|
it goes through the lacunae
|
|
|
Soon after what does the ICM separate from the trophoblast as a bilayer?
|
implantation
|
|
|
What is the ectoderm?
|
the superficial layer of cells
|
|
|
What is the endoderm?
|
the deep layer of cells
|
|
|
What is the separation tat creates a fluid-filled chamber ?
|
the amniotic cavity
|
|
|
What forms the amnion?
|
the superficial ICM cells that migrate around the cavity to form the amnion filled with amniotic fluid
|
|
|
What is the yolk sac?
|
the yolk sac is the initial site of blood formation in the embryo
|
|
|
What is the permeative streak?
|
it is formed along the surface the ectodermal layer
|
|
|
What are the three layers of the germ (during gastrulation)?
|
- endoderm- the deepest layer of cells facing the yolk sac
- ectoderm- the most superficial layer of cells facing the amniotic sac - mesoderm- the middle layer of cells that originate from the ectoderm |
|
|
What of the placenta will obtain nutrients for the fetus throughout gestation?
|
the chorionic villi
|
|
|
What are the stages of labor?
|
dilation- the cervix dilates and the fetus descends towards the cervical canal
expulsion- the cervix completes dilation and the baby emerges placental- ejection of the placenta (afterbirth) |
|
|
What are the abnormal labor & delivery?
|
- premature labor- under 37 weeks
difficult deliveries- the facing the pubis rather than the sacrum, breeched births - multiple births- twins, triplets, ect. |
