Reproductive System

Front 1

Scrotum

Back 1

contains the testes and is divided into two internal compartments by an incomplete connective tissue septum;

Front 2

Menstrual cycle is divided into 2 cycles- what are they?

Back 2

ovarian cycle and the endomerial(uterine)cycle

Front 3

The location of the testes and epididymides in the scrotum provides

Back 3

a temperature that is suitable for normal sperm development.

Front 4

Ovarian cycle

Back 4

Is divided into follicular phase, the ovulatory phase and the luteal phase

Front 5

Optimum temperature for sperm production is 3 degrees cooler than body temperature. which location would the testes produce the most sperm?

Back 5

scrotal sac

Front 6

Perineum

Back 6

the area between the thighs bounded by the symphysis pubis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally

Front 7

Follicular phase

Back 7

estrogen dominate when the follicle matures

Front 8

Urogenital triangle

Back 8

anterior triangle within the perineum;
contains the base of the penis and the scrotum

Front 9

Sperm are produced in the

Back 9

seminiferous tubules

Front 10

Anal triangle

Back 10

posterior triangle within the perineum;
contains the anal opening

Front 11

ovulatory phase

Back 11

follicle ruptures from the ovary on approximately the 14th day before onset of the next cycle

Front 12

Testes

Back 12

small ovoid organs;
primary reproductive organ in the male;
both exocrine and endocrine glands

Front 13

Which hormone is produced by the testis

Back 13

testosterone

Front 14

Tunica albuginea

Back 14

the outer part of the testis; thick, white capsule consisting of mostly fibrous connective tissue

Front 15

lutreal phase

Back 15

progesterone is dominant as the uterus prepares for implantation

Front 16

Septa (testes)

Back 16

connective tissue divisions within the testis that divides the internal portion of the organ into numerous lobules

Front 17

The interstitial cells or Leydig cells

Back 17

secrete testosterone.

Front 18

Lobules

Back 18

cone shaped compartments within the interior protion of the testis;
formed by the incomplete septa of the tunica albuginea

Front 19

Endometrial cycle

Back 19

Divided into the proliferative, secretory and ischemic phases

Front 20

Seminiferous tubules

Back 20

the sight of spermatogenesis in the testes;
surrounded by a loose connective tissue stroma that surrounds the tubules and contains clusters of interstitial cells

Front 21

The opening in the abdominal wall through which the testes descend is the

Back 21

inguinal canal

Front 22

Interstitial cells

Back 22

endocrine cells located between the seminiferous tubules; produce testosterone

Front 23

Proliferative

Back 23

proliferation of endometrium dominant

Front 24

Tubuli recti

Back 24

a set of short, straight tubules into which the seminiferous tubules empty

Front 25

Male infants can be born with an undescended testis. This means that the testis remains

Back 25

in the abdominopelvic cavity.

Front 26

Rete testis

Back 26

a tubular network into which the tubuli recti empty

Front 27

secretory phase

Back 27

progesterone dominant pahse cause endometrial glands to continue to grow and become dense preparatory to implantation

Front 28

Efferent ductules

Back 28

each testis contains 15-20 of these tubules into which the rete testis empties into; pierce the tunica albuginea to exit the testes;
inner layer contains ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium that helps move sperm cells out of the testis

Front 29

The Sertoli cells provide

Back 29

nourishment for development of sperm.

Front 30

Gubernaculum

Back 30

a fibromuscular cord that attaches the testes to the tissue that will become the scrotum; developed by the 14th week

Front 31

ischemic

Back 31

occurs only if fertilization does not occur. Corpus luteum regresses, progesterone and estrogen production decreases. Endometrium degenerates, capillaries rupture and endometrium sloughs off

Front 32

Inguinal canal

Back 32

bilateral oblique passageways in the anterior abdominal wall;
forms between weeks 14 and 28; testes move through them to descend into the srotum;
much smaller in females

Front 33

isolates sperm cells from the immune system.

Back 33

The blood-testes barrier

Front 34

Which substance found in Sertoli cells may be the active hormones that promote sperm cell formation?

Back 34

dihydrotestosterone and estradiol

Front 35

FSH

Back 35

releases androgen-binding protein (ABP)

Front 36

The ovaries and uterus are held in position within the pelvis by bands of tissue called

Back 36

ligaments

Front 37

LH

Back 37

releases testosterone

Front 38

Cryptorchidism

Back 38

a failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum; the higher temperature of the abdominal caivty prevents nromal sperm production

Front 39

The ovary is attached to the superior margin of the uterus by the

Back 39

ovarian ligament

Front 40

ABP

Back 40

binds with testosterone to promote spermatogenesis

Front 41

Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells)

Back 41

large cells that extend from the periphery to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule;
nourish germ cells; probably work with interstitial cells in producing numeorus hormones

Front 42

The ovary is surrounded by a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the

Back 42

tunica albuginea.

Front 43

Blood-testis barrier

Back 43

tight juncitons located between sustentacular cells; isolates sperm cells from the immune system;
significant because as sperm cells develop, they form surface antigens that the immune system would attack

Front 44

A primary oocyte with a single layer of granulosa cells is most appropriately called

Back 44

a primordial follicle.

Front 45

Dihydrotestosterone

Back 45

a hormone produced in sustentacular cells from testosterone

Front 46

A primary follicle contains

Back 46

several layers of granulosa cells

Front 47

Androgen-binding protein

Back 47

a protein secreted into the seminiferous tubules by the sustentacular cells;
carries hormones created in the testis to the epididymis

Front 48

As a secondary follicle enlarges

Back 48

a theca or capsule is formed around it

Front 49

A follicle containing a secondary oocyte and a single fluid-filled antrum is called a _____ follicle

Back 49

graafian or mature

Front 50

The release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary is called

Back 50

ovulation

Front 51

is produced in the ovary and then leaves the ovary?

Back 51

secondary oocyte

Front 52

The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division when

Back 52

it is penetrated by a sperm cell.

Front 53

Follicles in the ovary that are never ovulated

Back 53

degenerate.

Front 54

atrophic vaginitis

Back 54

physiologic changes associated with decreasing amounts of estrogen as women age. Thinning of vaginal tissue, painful intercourse, itching, burning or irritation. pH becomes slightly alkaline increasing susceptibility to infxn

Front 55

Acrosome

Back 55

a cap on the head of the spermatozoan;
contains hydrolytic enzymes used to pierce the surface of the secondary oocyte

Front 56

The corpus luteum is a gland that

Back 56

secretes progesterone.

Front 57

Epididymis

Back 57

a comma shaped structure on the posterior side of the testis into which the efferent ductus leads;
site of final sperm cell maturation

Front 58

endometriosis

Back 58

growth of the endometrial tissue outside the uterus. S/S include lower backache, painful intercourse etc

Front 59

follicular stage last to appear

Back 59

corpus albicans

Front 60

Stereocilia

Back 60

elongated microvilli within the duct of the epididymis that function to increase the surface area of the epithelial cells that absorb fluid from the lumen of the duct

Front 61

PID pelvic inflammatory disease

Back 61

pathogenic invasion of the fallopian tubes, ovaries or both. May be gonococcus, streptococcus and staphylococcus and other infxn that are ascending in nature. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, frequent intercourse, IUDs and childbirth.
S/S low grade fever, pelvic and abdominal pain, foul-smelling vaginal dischange

Front 62

Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

Back 62

the emerging end of the epididymis, ascends along the posterior side of the testis medial to the epididymis and become associated with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the testis

Front 63

Cholesterol and Steroids can be made from Acetate, (Acetyl CoA) and this process is called:

Back 63

De novo

Front 64

Fibroid tumors (leiomyoma)

Back 64

benign tumors that grow in or on the uterus.
S/S excessive heavy menstrual flow, pelvic pressure, dysmenorrhea, abdominal enlargement and constipation

Front 65

dysmenorrhea

Back 65

painful menstruation. Common in nulliparous women, not having intercourse.
S/S uterine cramping, irritation and contractions

Front 66

Amonorrhea

Back 66

absence of menstruation. Primary is absence of menstruation by age 17.(anatomical or genetic abnormalities such as Turner syndrome) Secondary is absence after 6 months of regular periods or 12 months or irregular periods. (anatomic abnormalities, nutritional deficits, excessive exercise, decreased body fat, endocrine dysfunction, emotional disturbances, medication side effects, pregnancy and lactation)

Front 67

cystocele

Back 67

support between the vagina and bladder is weakened

Front 68

Male urethra

Back 68

extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis;
passageway for male reproductive fluids and urine; divided into three parts, prostatic, membranous, and spongy

Front 69

urethrocele

Back 69

downward displacement of the urethra into the vagina

Front 70

Prostatic urethra

Back 70

a section of the male urethra that is connected to the urinary bladder and passes through the prostate gland;
ejaculatory ducts and other ducts join the urethra here

Front 71

rectocele

Back 71

weakening between the vagina and rectum

Front 72

Membranous urethra

Back 72

shortest part of the urethra;
extends from the prostate gland through the perineum

Front 73

fistula

Back 73

abnormal opening between internalorgans or between an organ and the exterior body

Front 74

Spongy urethra

Back 74

the longest part of the urethra;
extends from the membranous urethra through the length of the penis

Front 75

vesicovaginal fistulas

Back 75

between vagina and bladder that causes urine to leak into the vagina

Front 76

rectovaginal fistulas

Back 76

rectum and vagina and cause flatus and feces to enter vagina. Both fistulas cause excoriation and irritaiton and may lead to severe infxn. some fistuls spontaneously heal, others require surgical excision

Front 77

Sertoli cells secrete

Back 77

Inhibin, Mullerian inhibitory factor/hormone

Front 78

Cryptorchidism

Back 78

Failure of of one or both of testes to descend into scrotum
Prevents normal sperm development

Front 79

Spermatozoa produced in

Back 79

seminiferous tubules

Front 80

Spermatogonia divide (mitosis) to form

Back 80

primary spermatocytes

Front 81

Seminal vesicles

Back 81

sac-shaped glands located next to the ampullae of the ductus deferentia; have capsules containing fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle cells

Front 82

Primary spermatocytes (first division of meiosis) divide to form

Back 82

secondary spermatocytes

Front 83

Prostate gland

Back 83

consists of both glandular and muscular tissue and is about the size and shape of a walnut; dorsal to the symphysis pubis at the base of the urinary bladder

Front 84

Secondary spermatocytes (second division of meiosis) divide to form

Back 84

spermatids
Spermatids develop an acrosome and flagellum

Front 85

Bulbourethral glands

Back 85

a pair of small glands located near the membranous part of the urethra; small ducts from each gland unite to form a single duct which enters the songy urethra at the base of the penis

Front 86

the production of a secondary oocyte

Back 86

Oogenesis

Front 87

Semen

Back 87

a composite of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands;
60% from the seminal vesicles
30% from the prostate gland
5% from the testes
5% from the bulbourehtral glands

Front 88

cells from which oocytes develop

Back 88

Oogonia

Front 89

surround by granulosa cells and called a primordial follicle

Back 89

Primary oocytes

Front 90

Primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle when

Back 90

oocyte enlarges and cells change

Front 91

Follicle swells and ruptures, secondary oocyte is released from ovary
Second meiotic division completed when secondary oocyte unites with sperm cell to form zygote

Back 91

Ovulation

Front 92

Graafian follicle become

Back 92

corpus luteum

Front 93

corpus albicans

Back 93

corpus luteum not fertalized

Front 94

What are the primary effects of LH on the male reproductive system?

Back 94

binds to interstital cells in the testes and causes them to increase their rate of testosterone synthesis and secretion

Front 95

What are the primary effects of FSH on the male reproductive system?

Back 95

binds primarily to sustentacular cells in the seminiferous tubules and promotes sperm cell development

Front 96

Inhibin

Back 96

a hormone secreted by the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules; inhibits FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary

Front 97

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Back 97

a gonadotropin-like hormone secreted by the placenta;
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by the fetal testes before birth

Front 98

Broad ligament

Back 98

an extension of the peritoneum that spreads out on both sides of the uterus and to which the ovaries and uterine tubes are attached;

Front 99

Mesovarium

Back 99

a peritoneal fold that attaches each ovary to the posterior surface of the brad ligament

Front 100

Suspensory ligament

Back 100

extends from the mesovarium to the body wall, helping to support the ovaries

Front 101

Ovarian ligament

Back 101

attaches the ovary to the superior margin of the uterus