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52 Cards in this Set
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General Functions of Reproductive System |
Genetic material is passed from generation to generation. Production of new offspring. Continuation of a species Produces hormones responsible for growth/development |
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Testes |
Organs in body that produce sex cells (gametes) Produces sperm and testosterone Sperm matures here for about 74 days |
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Epididymis |
Comma shaped organ lies posterior to border of testes Site of final sperm maturation (10-14 days) May remain here for up to 4 weeks after which sperm is either reabsorbed or expelled |
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Vas (ductus) deferens |
Passageway for sperm from epididymis to urethra Part of spermatic cord |
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Ejaculatory duct |
Duct posterior to urinary bladder formed by union of ducts from seminal vesicles/vas deferens Ejects sperm into prostatic urethra just prior to ejaculation |
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Prostate gland |
Single chestnut-sized donut-shaped gland Located inferior to bladder Surrounds urethra Secrets fluid rich in citric acid, prostatic acid, phosphatase/prostaglandins Often site of cancerous growths |
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Seminal vesicles |
Convoluted pouch like structures Lies posterior to/at the base of the bladder in front of the rectum Secretes alkaline fluid rich in fructose (energy source for sperm) Makes up 60% of semen Allows sperm to survive in acidic environment of female reproductive tract |
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Urethra |
Terminal duct for reproductive and urinary systems Passageway for both sperm and urine 8 inches in length |
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Penis |
Male anatomical structure used to introduce spermatozoa into female vagina |
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Two major functions of testes |
Spermatogenesis-formation of mature sperm cells Production of testosterone |
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Primary functions of testosterone |
Growth/development Maintenance of sex organs Bone growth Protein anabolism Closure of epiphyseal plates Influences sexual behavior Influences final maturation of sperm Stimulates development of secondary male characteristics |
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Ovaries |
Female gonads Oogenesis Females born with as many eggs as they'll ever have (500,000) |
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Uterine (fallopian) tubes |
Ducts that allow for transport of ova from site of ovulation to uterus |
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Uterus |
Female reproductive organ Serves as site of menstruation, implantation of fertilized ovum, development/maintenance of fetus |
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Vagina |
Tubular, fibromuscular organ lined with mucous membrane Passageway for spermatozoa and menstruation flow Lower portion of birth canal |
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Fimbriae |
"little fingers" Located on distal end of infundibulum draws ova into uterine tubes |
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infundibulum |
Funnel-shaped Open, distal end of uterine tubes |
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Functions of Uterus |
female reproductive organ serves as a site of menstruation, implantation of fertilized ovum, development / maintenance of fetus during pregnancy |
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Cervix |
Narrow thick muscular area that opens into vagina secretes mucus that's conducive to the passage of sperm into the uterus |
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Fundus |
Rounded Superior portion of the uterus that uterine tubes enter |
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Perimetrium |
Outermost layer of the uterus |
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Myometrium |
Middle muscular layer Makes up majority of the uterus |
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Endometrium |
Innermost layer two tissue layers: stratum functionalis- shed during menstruation Stratum basalis- permanent basement layer Very muscular Generate new functionalis after menstruation |
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Ovarian cycle |
Monthly series of events associated with maturation and ovulation of ovum |
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Menstrual cycle |
Monthly series of events associated with changes of endometrial lining of the uterus Preparation for implantation of fertilized ova |
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Estrogen |
Maintains female reproductive system Helps control fluid and electrolyte balance |
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Progesterone |
Works in conjunction with estrogen to prepare endometrial lining for implantation of fertilized ovum Stimulates milk production and secretion |
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Relaxin |
Most prominent during final trimester of pregnancy Relaxes pubic symphysis and helps dilate cervix |
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Fertilization |
Union of egg and sperm that forms first diploid cell (zygote) |
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zygote |
Fertilized ovum |
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Implantation |
Blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium |
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Embryo |
Fertilized ovum once attached to uterine wall through first eight weeks of development |
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Fetus |
Name given to developing human from 8 weeks to time of birth |
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Stage 1: dilation and effacement |
1. Contractions of myometrium increase in frequency and strength pushing fetus against the cervix 2. Early in this period, amnion / water bag surrounding fetus bursts 3. Opening to cervix dilates in response to pressure from fetus 4. Positive feedback mechanisms promote stronger and more frequent contractions 5. Once cervix thins and the opening dilates to 10 centimeters, the second stage begins |
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Stage 2: delivery and birth |
The fetus is pushed through the birth canal to the outside |
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Stage 3: placental expulsion |
1. Uterine contractions push placenta out of uterus 2. Uterus contracts to prevent bleeding |
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Breast cancer |
Second to lung cancer in leading cancer deaths among women in the US Treatments: lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemo, radiation Since breasts have many nearby lymph nodes, chances of metastasis are high involving brain, lung, intestines, bone, liver |
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Testicular cancer |
Accounts for only 1% of cancer in men Symptoms include painless lump or swelling, feeling of heaviness in scrotum. Treatment orchiectomy followed with chemo |
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Cervical cancer |
Cancer of uterine cervix |
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Ovarian cancer |
Cancer of the ovaries Seventh most common cancer Fifth leading cause of cancer death after lung, breast, colon/rectal, pancreatic |
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Prostate cancer |
Cancer of the prostate Second most common cancer among men in the US |
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Endometriosis |
Presence of endometrium outside of the uterus |
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Infertility |
Inability to produce offspring |
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Impotentence |
Erectile dysfunction Repeated inability to get / keep an erection firm enough for intercourse |
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Gonorrhea |
STD of the reproductive and urinary systems caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium |
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Syphilis |
Chronic, infectious STD beginning in mucous membrane and spread throughout the body by the bloodstream |
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Genital herpes |
Infection of the reproductive system caused by herpes simplex II virus |
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Chlamydia |
Most common STD in the US Affects million annually caused by trachomatis bacterium affecting reproductive, urinary, and lymphatic systems |
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Genital warts |
Warts transmitted sexually through contact Appears on genitalia area in warm, moist surfaces such as urethra, vulva, vagina, and cervix |
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HPV |
Human papillomavirus Includes over 100 types, 30 STDs Types of affecting genital area are called genital HPV |
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Trichomoniasis |
Infection of trichomonas (parasite protozoa) may cause vaginal infection resulting in foul-smelling discharge along with itching, burning of vulva Treated with anti-fungal meds |
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Oogenesis |
the production or development of an ovum Each month about 20 primary oocyte stimulated to undergo meiosis Usually one out of 20 completes the process and develops into a secondary oocyte |
