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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From most external to deepest:
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Serosa (perimetrium), Myometrium, endometrium
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Portions of the male urethra, from proximal (closest to bladder) to distal (closest to outside of the body):
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Prostatic, membranous, spongy
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Thickness of the endometrium, from thinnest to thickest:
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On day 5 of cycle,
On day 13 of cycle, On day 23 of cycle |
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From anterior to posterior:
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Bladder and urethra
Uterus and vagina Rectum and anus |
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Order in which hormones begin to increase level, from day 1 of menstrual cycle:
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FSH,Estrogen, LH, Progesterone
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Order of events in the female monthly cycle, beginning with day 1:
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Menstruation
Formation of follicle Ovulation Formation of corpus luteum |
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From anterior to posterior:
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Clitoris
Urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Anus |
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Pathway of milk in breasts:
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Alveoli
Secondary tubules Mammary ducts Lactiferous ducts |
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Pathway of sperm:
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Testis
Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra |
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Pathway of sperm entering female reproductive system:
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Vagina
External os Cervical canal Internal os Uterine cavity Uterine tube |
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Eighty to 90% of seminal fluid (semen) is secreted by the combined secretions of:
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Seminal vesicles and prostate
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In the normal male, there are two of each of the following structures
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(A) Testis
(B) Seminal vesicle (c) Ductus deferens (d) Epididymis (e) Ejaculatory duct |
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the following are produced by the testes
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(A) Spermatozoa
(B) Testosterone (C) Inhibin |
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the following are produced by the ovaries and then leave the ovaries
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(B) Secondary oocyte
(E) Estrogen (F) Progesterone |
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functions of LH
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Stimulate change of follicle cells into corpus luteum cells.
Stimulate release of secondary oocyte (ovulation). Stimulate corpus luteum cells to secrete estrogens and progesterone. |
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divide throughout a person’s lifetime to produce new primary spermatocytes
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Spermatogonia
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T/F Oogonia do not divide in a female after her birth
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T
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True/False
The menstrual cycle refers to a series of changes in the uterus, whereas the ovarian cycle is a series of changes in the ovary. |
True
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T/F
Meiosis is a part of both oogenesis and spermatogenesis. |
True
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T/F
Each oogonium beginning oogenesis produces one mature ovum and two or three polar bodies |
True
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T F An increased level of a target hormone (such as estrogen) will inhibit release of its related releasing factor and tropic hormone (GnRH and FSH).
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True
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T F An increased level of a target hormone (such as estrogen) will inhibit release of its related releasing factor and tropic hormone (GnRH and FSH).
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True
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T/F
Menstrual flow occurs as result of a suddendecrease in the hormones progesterone and estrogens |
T
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t/f
Spermatogenesis does not occur at normal core body temperature. |
True
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The route of sperm from the production in the testes to the exterior of the body is:
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seminiferous tubules,
straight tubules, rete testes, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice. |
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functions of Sertoli cells?.
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(1) protection of developing spermatogenic cells,
(2) nourishment of spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm, (3) phagocytosis of excess sperm cytoplasm as development proceeds, (4) mediation of the effects of testosterone and FSH, (5) control of movements of spermatogenic cells and release of sperm into the lumen of seminiferous tubules |
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T/F
(2) Dilation of blood vessels supplying erectile tissue results in erection. (3) Nitric oxide causes smooth muscle within erectile tissue to relax, which results in widening of blood sinuses. |
T
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T/F
(4) They lower blood cholesterol. (5) In moderate levels, they inhibit the release of GnRH and the secretion of LH and FSH. (1) They promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics. |
T
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T/F
(1) A sperm head contains DNA and an acrosome. (3) Mitochondria in the midpiece of a sperm produce ATP for sperm motility. (4) A sperm's tail, a flagellum, propels it along its way. |
T
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T/F
(1) Spermatogonia are stem cells because when they undergo mitosis, some of the daughter cells remain to serve as a reservoir of cells for future mitosis. (2) Meiosis I is a division of pairs of chromosomes resulting in daughter cells with only one member of each chromosome pair. (3) Meiosis II separates the chromatids of each chromosome. (4) Spermiogenesis involves the maturation of spermatids into sperm. (5) The process by which the seminiferous tubules produce haploid sperm is called spermatogenesis. |
T
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T/F
(1) Cells from the yolk sac give rise to oogonia. (3) Primary oocytes enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete it until after puberty. (4) Once a secondary oocyte is formed, it proceeds to metaphase of meiosis II and stops at this stage. (5) The secondary oocyte resumes meiosis II and forms the ovum and a polar body only if fertilization occurs. |
T
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(2) During the menstrual phase,
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small secondary follicles in the ovary begin to enlarge while the uterus is shedding its lining.
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The female reproductive cycle consists of (phases)
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menstrual phase,
preovulatory phase, ovulation, postovulatory phase. |
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During the preovulatory phase, a
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dominant follicle continues to grow and begins to secrete estrogens and inhibin while the uterine lining begins to rebuild.
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. (6) If pregnancy does not occur, then
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the corpus luteum degenerates into a scar called the corpus albicans, and the uterine lining is prepared to be shed again.
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modified sudoriferous glands involved in lactation
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mammary glands
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a small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves in the female; homologue of the male glans penis
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- clitoris
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the group of cells that nourish the developing oocyte and begin to secrete estrogens
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follicle
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_________ a pathway for sperm to reach the uterine tubes; the site of menstruation; the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum; the womb
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uterus
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_________ produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin
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- corpus luteum
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_________ draw the ovum into the uterine tube
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- fimbriae
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_________ the opening between the uterus and vagina
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- cervix
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_________ muscular layer of uterus; responsible for expulsion of fetus from uterus
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- myometrium
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_________ the female copulatory organ; the birth canal
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- vagina
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_________ passageway for the ovum to the uterus; usual site of fertilization; site of tubal ligation
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- uterine tube
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_________ refers to the external genitals of the female
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- vulva
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_________ the layer of the uterine lining that is partially shed during each monthly cycle
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- endometrium
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_________ site of sperm maturation
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- epididymis
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_________ the male copulatory organ; a passageway for ejaculation of sperm and excretion of urine
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- penis
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_________ sperm-forming cells
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- spermatogenic cells
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_________ produce an alkaline substance that protects sperm by neutralizing acids in the urethra
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- bulbourethral glands
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_________ ejects sperm into the urethra just before ejaculation
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- ejaculatory duct
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_________ the supporting structure for the testes
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- scrotum
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_________ carries the sperm from the scrotum into the abdominopelvic cavity for release by ejaculation; is cut and tied as a means of sterilization
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- ductus deferens
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_________ the shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems in the male
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- urethra
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_________ surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder; produces secretions that contribute to sperm motility and viability
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- prostate gland
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_________ produce testosterone
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- Leydig cells
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_________ supporting structure that consists of the ductus deferens, testicular artery, autonomic nerves, veins that drain the testes, lymphatic vessels, and cremaster muscle
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- spermatic cord
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_________ support and protect developing spermatogenic cells; secrete inhibin; form the blood–testis barrier
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- Sertoli cells
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_________ secrete an alkaline fluid to help neutralize acids in the female reproductive tract; secrete fructose for use in ATP production by sperm
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- seminal vesicles
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_________ contraction and relaxation moves testes near to or away from pelvic cavity
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- cremaster muscle
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_________ site of spermatogenesis
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- seminiferous tubules
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_________ relaxes the uterus by inhibiting myometrial contractions during monthly cycles; increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis during childbirth
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- relaxin
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_________ stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone in males and triggers ovulation in females
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- LH
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_________ inhibits production of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland
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- inhibin
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_________ inhibits production of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland
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- inhibin
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_________ posterior pituitary hormone responsible for uterine contraction and release of milk from mammary glands
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- oxytocin
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_________ stimulates male pattern of development; stimulates protein synthesis; contributes to sex drive
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- testosterone
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_________ promotes development of female reproductive structures; lowers blood cholesterol
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- estrogens
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_________ stimulates the initial secretion of estrogens by growing follicles; promotes follicle growth
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- FSH
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_________ is secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the uterine lining during the first trimester of pregnancy
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- progesterone
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_________ anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production
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- prolactin
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_________ the process during meiosis when portions of homologous chromosomes may be exchanged with each other
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- crossing-over
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_________ a packet of discarded nuclear material from the first or second meiotic division of the egg
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- polar body
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_________ the degeneration of oogonia before and after birth
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- atresia
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