Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
___________ Comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian females. |
Estrous Cycle |
|
|
_________ start after puberty in sexual mature females and are interrupted by anestrous or pregnancies. |
Oestrous cycle |
|
|
The _________ is the sequence of hormonal changes that occurs through the ovarian cycle . These changes influence the behaviour and body changes of the female |
Oestrous cycle |
|
|
The first hormone involved in the oestrous cycle is _____________________, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.stimulates the follicle to develop. As the folliclematures the outer cells begin to secrete the hormone oestrogen and this stimulates the mammary glands to develop. |
follicle stimulating hormone (F.S.H.), |
|
|
The __________ refers to the series of changes in the ovary during which the follicle matures, the ovum is shed and the corpus luteum develops |
ovarian cycle |
|
|
• Numerous undeveloped ovarian follicles are present at birth but they start to mature after sexual maturity. • In animals that normally have only one baby at a time only one ovum will mature at once but in litter animals several will. • The mature follicle consists of outer cells that provide nourishment. Inside this is a fluid-filled space that contains the ovum. • A mature follicle can be quite large, ranging from a few millimetres in small mammals to the size of a golf ball in large animals. It bulges out from the surface of the ovary before eventually rupturing to release the ovum into the abdominal cavity. • Once the ovum has been shed, a blood clot forms in the empty follicle. This develops into a tissue called the corpus luteum that produces the hormone progesterone . If the animal becomes pregnant the corpus luteum persists, but if there is no pregnancy it degenerates and a new ovarian cycle usually. |
Ovarian cycle |
|
|
The ____________ prepares the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilised egg. |
oestrous cycle |
|
|
_____________ is initiated by a surge ofanother hormone from the anterior pituitary, luteinising hormone (L.H.). |
Ovulation |
|
|
This hormone also influences the development of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone , a hormone that prepares the lining of the uterus for the fertilized ovum and readies the mammary glands for milk production. If no pregnancy takes place the corpus luteum shrinks and the production of progesterone decreases. This causes FSH to be produced again and a new oestrous cycle begins |
luteinising hormone (L.H.). |
|
|
____________ produces progesterone , a hormone that prepares the lining of the uterus for the fertilised ovum and readies the mammary glands for milk production. |
corpus luteum |
|
|
For fertilization of the ovum by the sperm to occur, the female must be ________ to the male at around the time of ovulation. |
receptive |
|
|
For fertilization of the ovum by the sperm to occur, the female must be receptive to the male at around the time of ovulation. This is when the hormones turn on the signs of _____, and she is “_________ ” or “_________ ”. |
heat, in season, in oestrous |
|
|
For fertilization of the ovum by the sperm to occur, the female must be receptive to the male at around the time of ovulation. This is when the hormones turn on the signs of “heat”, and she is “in season ” or “in oestrous ”. These signs are turned off again at the end of the ______________.
|
oestrous cycle |
|
|
The __________ may be divided into several phases based on behavioral changes or structural changes in internaland external genitalia. |
estrous cycle |
|
|
STAGES OF ESTROUS |
1. proestrus 2. Estrus 3. Metestrus 4. Diestrus |
|
|
“releasing hormone” GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone |
Hypothalamus |
|
|
Anterior Pituitary Gland |
FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone LH – Leuteinizing hormone |
|
|
stimulates the ovary to produce an egg. |
FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone |
|
|
Stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone hormones. |
LH – Leuteinizing hormone |
|
|
production of ovum |
FSH |
|
|
production of estrogen |
LH |
|
|
FS LH Estrogen Euphoria |
Ovary |
|
|
Estrus and stimulate tubular tract |
Estrogen |
|
|
stimulate the growth of the egg follicle |
Euphoria |
|
|
• Building up phase• Tubular tract increase in thickness• Proliferation in graafian follicle • Increase in estrogen level |
proestrus |
|
|
The first phase (proestrus) of the estrous cycle is the ___________. |
building-up phase |
|
|
During this phase the ovarian follicle (under the influence of FSH and LH) enlarges and begins to secrete estrogens. |
proestrus |
|
|
Estrogens absorbed from the follicles into the blood stimulate increases in vascularity and cell growth of the tubular genitalia in preparation for estrus and pregnancy. |
Proestrus |
|
|
_________ the vaginal wall thickens, and the external genitalia may increase in vascularity (e.g., swelling and redness) in preparation for copulation. In some species, the vulva may discharge mucus_________. |
Late in proestrus |
|
|
• In-heat • Ovulation in ripe ovum • Sexual receptivity • Increase in estrogen level |
Estrus |
|
|
__________, the period of sexual receptivity, is primarilyinitiated by the elevation in estrogensfrom mature follicles just prior to ovulation. |
Estrus |
|
|
Post ovulatory phaseProduction of progesterone from CL |
Metestrus |
|
|
The end of sexual receptivity marks the beginning of metestrus, the postovulatory phase dominated by corpus luteum function. During this period, serum estrogens decrease and progesterone increases. A fully developed corpus luteum has a notable influence on the uterus. |
Metestrus |
|
|
The endometrial lining of the uterus thickens; uterine glands enlarge; and uterine muscles show increased development. The external genitalia return to their state before estrus as plasma estrogens decrease |
Metestrus |
|
|
_________, yellow hormone-secreting body in the female reproductive system. It is formed in an ovary at the site of a follicle, or sac, that has matured and released its ovum, or egg, in the process known as ovulation. |
Corpus luteum |
|
|
short period of rest between estrous cycle |
Diestrus |
|
|
long period of rest between estrous cycle |
Anestrus |
|
|
•Sheep have a short diestrus while cycling during a breeding season but enter anestrus if pregnancy is not established during the breeding season. During anestrus the uterin tubes, uterus, and vagina shrink and remain small until the next breeding season |
Note |
|
|
Physiological Data CATTLE: Gestation Period___________. |
270-290 days ave 283 |
|
|
Physiological Data CATTLE: Sexual Maturity:_______ |
6-8 months |
|
|
Physiological Data CATTLE: Estrous cycle:__________ |
18-24 days ave 21 |
|
|
Physiological Data CATTLE Duration of Estrus:________ |
18 hours |
|
|
Physiological Data CATTLE Ovulation: _________ |
10 hours after the heat period |
|
|
Physiological Data CATTLE Best time for breeding : __________ |
6-18 hrs from onset of estrus |
|
|
Physiological Data CATTLE Heifers usually bred at __________________ provided she is well developed and weighs atleast ______________. |
2 years of age, 18-20 months/250-300 kgs |
|
|
Physiological Data CATTLE Bull should be allowed to breed at ___________ |
2 years old |
|
|
Bull to Cow Ratio 18 months 1:12-15 2 years 1:25-30 3 years 1:40-50 |
Handmating |
|
|
Pasture Mating |
Ratio is reduced to 1/3 |
|
|
Bull to Cow Ratio |
Hand Mating Pasture Mating AI |
|
|
• 1:1• Extender✓ Nutrition ✓ Antibiotic |
Semen Extension |
|
|
• Color = creamy white• Volume |
Semen Evaluation |
|
|
• Early morning; late afternoon• Use teaser/dummy • Collect the 2nd fraction (Sperm rich)• Use Artificial vagina |
Semen Collection |
|
|
• Placed on liquid nitrogen tank• Liquid nitrogen will evaporate at rate of ½ inch a day• Refill should be done if liquid nitrogen level 5 inches |
Freezing |
|
|
• Insert glove hand into the rectum’ • Grasp and press the cervix • Allow mucus discharge to flow out of vagina • Place discharge between thum and index finger → if mucus can estretched 10 c, without breaking the cow is ready • AI gun / insemination rod – passed thru vagina and guided thru cervic and into uterus
|
Rectal palpation |
|
|
• Detection of cows in heat is important for the success of a synchronization program• Familiar with cows acting in heat
|
Labor |
|
|
With synchronization, expect more females to be in heat at single time |
Facilities |
|
|
Producers need to know when cows calved, whether cow had difficult birthm what the birth weights if all calves |
Record Keeping |
|
|
• Body condition of cow determines rate at which cows initiate estrous cycle after calving• A solid precalving nutrition plan can reduce the number of anestrus cows and allow synchronization |
Nutrition |
|
|
Management factors before considering whether synchronization will work: |
Nutrition Record keeping Facilities Labor |
|
|
Reproductive management tool |
Estrous synchronization |
|
|
Involves manipulating female estrous cycle with one or more hormones for the purpose of bringing cattle into estrus within the short period of time (36-96 hours) |
Estrous synchronization |
|
|
Used to conveniently time the breeding of cattle in artificial insemination and embryo transfer programs |
Estrous synchronization |
|
|
Advantage of Estrus Synchronization |
✓Earlier and more concentrated calving✓Uniformity of calves at weaning✓Use of improved genetics for producing a value-added product✓Less time for estrus detection |
|
|
Disadvantage of Estrus Synchronization |
❑Drug expense and labor❑An existing high level of management is required❑Good handling facility❑Cows must be in cycling and in good body condition❑Can only synchronize the number of cows you can inseminate at one time |
|
|
• Stimulate ovulation through release of LH • Cystorelin, Factrel, Fertagyl, OvaCyst • Mature females |
GnRH |
|
|
• Acts like progesterone; inhibits estrus and ovulation • Melangestrol acetate, CIDR (progesterone) • Prepubertal heifer, post partum or anestrous females |
Progestin |
|
|
• Lyses the CL. Removes progesterone from the blood and letting ovulation occur • estroPlan, Estrumate, In-Synch,Lutalyse, Prostamate • Cycling females |
PGF2α |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Gestation Period: mutton ________ |
144-147 days |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Gestation Period: wool ________ |
148-151 days |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Sexual Maturity:__________ |
7-12 months ave 9 |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Estrous cycle: _______ |
14-20 days ave 16 |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Duration of Estrus: __________ |
24-48 hours |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Ovulation: _____________ |
near end of estrus |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Best time for breeding : _________________ |
18-20 hrs from onset of estrus |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Usually ewes bred at __________ |
2 years |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Ram should be allowed to breed at _______ |
6 months |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Peak of production: _________ |
3-4 years |
|
|
Physiological Data SHEEP Ram to Ewe Ratio: Start: ______ Peak: ______ |
S ----> 1:10-20 P ----> 1:40-60 |
|
|
Physiological Data GOAT Gestation Period: _________ |
145-155 days |
|
|
Physiological Data GOAT Sexual Maturity: ________ |
4-8 months ave 5 |
|
|
Physiological Data GOAT Estrous cycle: _______ |
18-21 days ave 19 |
|
|
Physiological Data GOAT Duration of Estrus: ________ |
2-3 days |
|
|
Physiological Data GOAT Ovulation: ______ |
2nd day of estrus |
|
|
Physiological Data GOAT Best time for breeding : _________ |
daily during estrus |
|
|
Physiological Data GOAT • Does are bred when they are ________ of age and weighs ___ kgs• Usually at ___________ |
7 months/ 30 kgs/ 1 ½ - 2 ½ years |
