Reproductive Epidemiology

Front 1

Descrive the definition of the Reproductive risk factor

Back 1

Anything that may influence the development of the conceptus and its course during pregnancy.

Front 2

Descrive the riskfactors and examples of each factor 1. (5)

Back 2

1) External environment:
polluted air & water, radiation,
2) Psychological/social:
stressful life events, poverty
3) Occupational:
Previous occupational histories, suspect substance in ambient air, water and soil in working settings(eg; arsenic, lead, sulfur dioxide)
4) Biological markers of wxposures:
Tissue/blood lead levels
5) Medical:
DM(1,2)

Front 3

Descrive the riskfactors and examples of each factor 2. (5)

Back 3

1) Behavioral/lifestyle(women's voluntary or involuntary activity):
Alcohol, drugs, smoking
2) Infectious:
Rubella, HIV
3) Attribute/condition;
Age, ethniciity, family history, obesity
4) Nutrition:
deficit/excess of iron/vitamins/nutrients
5) Biological susceptibility:
Immunological deficit, gene(mutation)

Front 4

What are the questions for exposure assessment(4)

Back 4

1) definition of the exposure
2) How do I measure it?
3) How do I scale it?
4) degree of bias and misclassification

Front 5

Describe the exposure measurements(5)

Back 5

1) Questionnaire
2) Biomarkers
3) Ecological markers
4) From records
5) Direct measurement

Front 6

Descrive the ways of scale exposure(8)

Back 6

1) Nominal scale:
gender, martial status, blood type
2) Ordinal scale
0,1,2,3
3) Continuous scale:
birth weight, maternal age, Apgar score
4) Categorical scale
marital status, blood types
5) Dichotomous scale
gender
6) Categorical/Dichotomous:
Yes,No/ Exposed, Non exposed
7) Continuous scale:
8) Ordinal scale:

Front 7

What are the issues of environmental exposure assessment?(5)

Back 7

1) Low exposure
2) Determination of environmental exposure levels
3) The relative importance of an individual exposure in a mix of exposure
4) interaction among the mix of exposure
5) Extrapolation from animal studies

Front 8

What are reproductive outcomes?(6)

Back 8

1) Mentstrual cycle/ sperm characteristics
2) Fertility/Fecundity
3) Spontaneous abortion(miscarriage)
4) Fetal death
5) Stillbirth
6) Preterm birth, Low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation

Front 9

What are reproductive outcomes?(6)

Back 9

1) Pregnancy:
Complications: PIH, GDM, pre-eclampsia
2) Maternal mortality
3) Infant mortality
4) birth defects
5) Childhood cancer
6) Developmental disorder

Front 10

Descrive the outcome assessment.

Back 10

1) Definition of outcome
2) Measure
3) scale it for analysis
4) degree of bias and misclassification

Front 11

What is unusual about reproductive outcomes?

Back 11

1) they can recur
2) opportunity for outcome is under conscious control
3) they may involve one, two, or three people
4) Many cannot be observed
5) Most occur within a relatively short period of time
6) Subjects are young and usually healthy.

Front 12

Explain the unusual about reproductive outcime regarding 1) they can recur

Back 12

1) Pregnancies, menstrual cycle are non-independent
2) studies of individual pregnancies need to take into account the history but control for previous history is not always the correct thing to do.
3) Recurrence risk can provide us with information
4) Opportunity for longitudinal studies.

Front 13

Explain the unusual about reproductive outcime regarding
2) opportunity for outcome is under conscious control

Back 13

1) Outcome of previous pregnancy may consciously influence outcome of next
2) Sexual behavior is strongly associated with confounding factors
3) Reverse causality(infertile worker effect)

Front 14

Explain the unusual about reproductive outcime regarding
3) they may involve one, two, or three people

Back 14

1) Mother, Father, Fetus
2) Especially important when genetics or immunology under consideration

Front 15

Explain the unusual about reproductive outcime regarding
4) Many cannot be observed

Back 15

1) Birth defect
2) Early losses

Front 16

Explain unusual about reproductive outcome regarding
5) Most occur within a relatively short period of time.

Back 16

1) Your study only has to be nine months long
2) Cohort studies relatively important
3) Many outcomes are common

Front 17

Explain unusual about reproductive outcome regarding
6) Subjects are young and usually healthy

Back 17

1) Infertility may be only problem
2) Pregnancy is not a disease

Front 18

Descrive the sentence that is more pertinent

Back 18

In reproductive research, identifying exposure at specific, biologically critical stage, such as during organogenesis or spermatogenesis is generally more pertinent.

Front 19

Descrive three practicalities

Back 19

1) Data gathering is expensive analysis is cheap
2) Most people don't change
3) Many analyses look the same regardless of scaling