Reproductive Disorders/stis

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Alpha-fetoprotein

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Is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene and made by the immature liver cells in the fetus. Also most widely used biochemical blood test for liver cancer

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Amenorrhea

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Is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.

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Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia (BPH)

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Refers to the increase in size of the prostate in middle-aged and elderly men. To be accurate, the process is one of hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy, but the nomenclature is often interchangeable, even amongst urologists

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Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

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is a glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy that is made by the developing embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta). Its role is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum of the ovary and thereby maintain progesterone production that is critical for a pregnancy in humans

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Cervicitis

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Is an inflammation of the cervix, the lower, narrow end of your uterus that opens into your vagina. Most cases of cervicitis are without symptoms (asymptomatic) and of little consequence; however, some cases of cervicitis are caused by infection with sexually transmitted diseases, including gonorrhea and chlamydia

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Chancre

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Is a painless ulceration formed during the primary stage of syphilis. This infectious lesion forms approximately 21 days after the initial exposure to Treponema pallidum, the gram-negative spirochaete bacterium yielding syphilis. Chancres transmit the sexually transmissible disease of syphilis through direct physical contact. These ulcers usually form on or around the anus, mouth, penis, and vagina. Chancres may diminish between three to six weeks without the application of medication.

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Cryptorchidism

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Undescended testicle occurs when one or both testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth.

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Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)

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Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is abnormal bleeding from the vagina that is due to changes in hormone levels

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Dysmenorrhea

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Is a medical condition characterized by severe uterine pain during menstruation. While most women experience minor pain during menstruation, dysmenorrhea is diagnosed when the pain is so severe as to limit normal activities, or require medication.

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Dyspareunia

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is painful sexual intercourse, due to medical or psychological causes. The symptom is reported almost exclusively by women, although the problem can also occur in men.

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Dyschezia

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difficulty in defecating (usually as a consequence of long continued voluntary suppression of the urge to defecate

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Endometriosis

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Endometriosis is a condition in which the tissue that behaves like the cells lining the uterus (endometrium) grows in other areas of the body, causing pain, irregular bleeding, and possible infertility

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Estrogen

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are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone, their name comes from estrus/oistros (period of fertility for female mammals) + gen/gonos = to generate.

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Galactorrhea

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is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing

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Gumma

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is a soft, non-cancerous growth resulting from the tertiary stage of syphilis. It is a form of granuloma. Gummas are most commonly found in the liver (gumma hepatis), but can also be found in brain, heart, skin, bone, testis, and other tissues, leading to a variety of potential problems including neurological disorders or heart valve disease

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leiomyoma

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a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that is not premalignant. Uterine fibroids are leiomyomata of the uterine smooth muscle. As other leiomyomata, they are benign, but may lead to excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), often cause anemia and may lead to infertility.

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menorrhagia

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an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals. Causes may be due to abnormal blood clotting, disruption of normal hormonal regulation of periods or disorders of the endometrial lining of the uterus.

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Oophorectomy

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the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries. In the case of non-human animals, it is also called spaying and is a form of sterilization

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Oophoritis

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an inflammation of the ovaries

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Orchiectomy

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the removal of the testicles. The penis and the scrotum, the pouch of skin that holds the testicles, are left intact. An orchiectomy is done to stop most of the body's production of testosterone, which prostate cancer usually needs in order to continue growing.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease

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a generic term for inflammation of the female uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries as it progresses to scar formation with adhesions to nearby tissues and organs. This may lead to infections. PID is a vague term and can refer to viral, fungal, parasitic, though most often bacterial infections.

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Progesterone

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also known as P4 (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species.

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Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)

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an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases.

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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

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a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. PSA is present in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer and in other prostate disorders. A blood test to measure PSA is considered the most effective test currently available for the early detection of prostate cancer.

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Prostatitis

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an inflammation of the prostate gland, in men.

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Reiter's Syndrome

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form of reactive arthritis. It is characterized by a triad of arthritis, nongonococcal urethritis, and conjunctivitis, and by lesions of the skin and mucosal surfaces. Reiter's syndrome usually develops following an intestinal or a genital/urinary tract infection.

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Salpingectomy

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refers to the surgical removal of a Fallopian tube.

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Salpingitis

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an infection and inflammation in the fallopian tubes.

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Testosterone

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a steroid hormone from the androgen group. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

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Urethritis

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inflammation of the urethra. The main symptom is dysuria, which is painful or difficult urination.