Reproductive Disorders

Front 1

erection=neurovascular process. it requires autonomic nervous system, neurotransmitters (epinephrine and acetylcholine), endothelial relaxing factors, and vascular smooth muscles of arteries and veins supplying penile tissue.

Back 1

erection controlled by ANS but can be inhibited or stimulated by CNS

Front 2

parasympathetic stimulation causes smooth muscle of penis: arterioles relax, veins contract

Back 2

corpora cavernosa lengthens and widens = erection

Front 3

ejaculation mediated by SNS: causes frequent strong contractions of vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, and penis

Back 3

erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction: inability to achieve and maintaine an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse. affects over 50% of men over 50

Front 4

BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy):
age related, non-malignant enlargement of prostate gland. characterized by formation of large, discrete lesions around the urethra (periurethral regions)

Back 4

prostate cancer affects peripheral zones

Front 5

risk factors for BPH:

Back 5

age, family history, race, ethnicity, dietary fat and meat consumption, hormonal factors.

Front 6

Symptoms of BPH:

Back 6

weak urinary stream, postvoid dribbling, frequency of urination, nocturia (urinatio at night)

Front 7

diagnosis of BPH

Back 7

digital rectal exam, urine flow studies, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) may be done to screen for cancer

Front 8

tx of BPH:

Back 8

self care, meds, surgery

Front 9

Prostate cancer: most common non-skin cancer in US. second to lung cancer as cause of death in cancer related death in men

Back 9

african american men have highest incidence and asians and native americans have to lowest incedence. increased incidence with age. etiology unknown

Front 10

prostate cancer risk factors:

Back 10

family history, race, age, dietary fat and meat consumption, hormonal factors

Front 11

protective factors against prostata CA:
dietary substances (lycopene, selenium, vitamin E), chemoprevention using 5 apha reductase inhibitor, finasteride, reduced risk in men without BPH

Back 11

type of CA: adenocarcinoma (resembling glandular tissue)CA's. metastasis to lung and bone

Front 12

prostate cancer usually asymptomatic. symptoms suggest locally advanced or metastic disease. Ex) lower back pain, fractures indicative of bone metastasis, weight loss, anemia, SOB

Back 12

change in PSA level over time may be prostate cancer

Front 13

male vs. female infertility

Back 13

male: 25-35% infertility
female: ~50% infertility
unexplained: ~15-25% infertility

Front 14

sperm disorders:
azoospermia=no sperm in ejaculate

Back 14

oligospermia=abnormally low numbers of sperm in ejaculate

Front 15

male infertility:
immunologic disorder-antibodies attack own sperm, hormonal disorder, genetics, structural and congential abnormalities

Back 15

obstruction-prostate enlargement, testicular torsion (twisting of testicle and veins, cuts off blood flow, necrosis of tissue)

Front 16

cryptorchidism:
undescended testicle(in abdominal cavity) (often occurs in premature babies)if not corrected, sperm too hot in abdminal cavity = infertility

Back 16

hypospadias:
withdrawl opening has not reached end of penis. it can be repaired by surgery.

Front 17

varicocele: swollen veins, increased risk of infertility

Back 17

cervial cancer: higher mortality in african american women

Front 18

causal link between HPV infection and cervical cancer; risk factors-early age at intercourse, multiple partners, promiscuous male partner, smoking, std history

Back 18

cancer arrives from precursos lesions, beginning with development of atypcal cells-gradually progresses to carcinoma in situ (localized to epithelial layer) and to invasive cancer of the cervix (deeper)

Front 19

pap smear-changes in cells' nucleus and cytoplasm, and variation in cell size and shape (dysplasia) detected via histology

Back 19

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): abnormal growth detected by grading system which describes changes in cancer precursore

Front 20

endometriosis: condition in which functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside uterus like (ovaries, rectum, bladder, posterior broad ligaments, pelvis, vagina)

Back 20

cause unknown; theories: retrograde menstruation;dormant, immature cellular elements undergo metaplasia in distant sites; metastasis via lymphatics or vasculature

Front 21

endometriosis: increasing incidence in western societies over past 40-50 years

Back 21

risk factors:early menarche; regular periods with shorter cycles(<27 days), longer duration (>7 days), heavier flow, increased menstruation pain, first degree relatives

Front 22

symptoms of endometriosis:

Back 22

dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility

diagnosis: laproscopy

Front 23

leiomymomas (fibroids): benign neoplasms of smooth muscle origin. most common cause of pelvic tumor. more frequent in african than caucasian women. 50% asymptomatic-discovered on routine pelvic exam. other symptoms: menorrhagia (extreme menstrual bleeding), anemia, urinary frequency, rectal pressure, and constipation

Back 23

PID (pelvic inflammatory disease): inflammation of the uper reproductive tract and may involve: uterus (endometriosis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), and ovaries (ooporitis)-it is usually caused by an infection

Front 24

PID-age 16-24, unmarried, nulliparity (never having carried a pregnancy), multiple sex partners, previous history of PID

Back 24

symptoms: lower abdomen pain, purulent cervical discharge, adnexal (accessory organ) tenderness, painful cervix, + sx of infection-fever, increased WBC count
tx:antibiotics

Front 25

dysfunctional menstrual cycles: related to alterations in hormones that support normal cyclical endometrial changes

Back 25

amenorrhea-lack of menstruation

Front 26

primary amenorrhea-no menstruation by age of 16
secondary amenorrhea- no sex characteristics being seen by 14 and no menstruation either

Back 26

dysmenorrhea-painful menstruation

Front 27

PMS -premenstrual syndrome

Back 27

female infertility factors: anatomical abnormality (vaginal and uterine aplasia, cervical stenosis, tumors, asherman's syndrome-intrauterine adhesions), genetic abnormality (turner's syndrome-missing or incomplete X chromosome, short, missing reproductive tract, infertile), hypothalamic dysfunction (anorexia nervosa, excessive exercise, stress, tumors, malnutrition), pituitary dysfunction (tumor, head tauma, psychomimetics, hyperprolactinemia, pituitary infarction-shock, sickle cell disease, diabetes mellitus), ovarian failure (autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy), other (std's, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, hyper/hypothyroidism, cushing's syndrome-excessive glucocorticoids (androgens), autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy

Front 28

in vitro fertilization:
ovaries super-stimulated-produce multiple follicles, monitor follicle development, induce LH surge, aspirate follicles, find ova, inseminate in vitro, if fertilized eggs returned to uterus

Back 28

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

harvest egg and sperm

Front 29

cloning:
ganete-->nucleus removed--->enucleated ovum-->nucleus from another body cell inserted--->clonal zygote-->clonal embryo

Back 29

clones are not exactly the same...mitochondrial DNA left out