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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a homologue? List some human homologues |
derived from common developmental structures called primordial and serve a common function in adults. ovary/testis produce gametes and sex hormones clitoris/glans of penis contains erectile tissue that stimulates feelings of arousal and sexual climax labia majora/scrotum protect and cover some reproductive structures greater vestibular gland/bulbourethral gland secretes mucin for lubrication |
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What are male and female primary reproductive organs called? |
gonads ovaries/testes |
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what are sex cells called |
gametes |
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What are accessory reproductive hormones? |
ducts to carry gametes away from gonads |
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The endocrine pathway in puberty |
GnRH from hypothalamus FSH and LH from anterior pituitary Sex hormone release and gamete maturation (in the gonads) |
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Puberty is initiated when the _____ begins to secrete ______ |
hypothalamus gonadotropin releasing hormone |
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what does GnRH stand for? do? Indirect effect on other organs? |
- gonadotropin releasing hormone - increases the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH - FSH and LH regulate production and maturation of gametes (sperm,oocyte) and hormone synthesis by the gonads |
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What happens to sperm if not used? |
reabsorbed |
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Define perineum and define its anatomical limits |
area between thighs in both males/females anterior: pubic symphysis lateral: ischial tuberosities posterior: coccyx |
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What is in the urogenital triangle? |
urethral and vaginal orifices in females base of penis and scrotum in males muscles: ischiocavernosus, bulbospongisous, superficial transverse perineal |
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What is in the anal triangle? |
anus, external anal sphincter |
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what two triangles make up the perineal diamond? |
urogenital anal |
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The process of forming gametes |
gametogenesis |
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The pouch between the uterus and bladder |
vesicouterine pouch |
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The pouch between the uterus and the rectum |
rectouterine pouch |
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List the accessory reproductive organs of the female |
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, mammary glands |
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What's another name for the rectouterine pouch? |
Pouch of Douglas |
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What is the Pouch of Douglas? |
rectouterine pouch |
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The primary reproductive organ in female |
ovaries |
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is the uterus primary or secondary reproductive organ? |
secondary |
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ovarian nerves, arteries, and veins are housed within _____ |
suspensory ligament of ovary runs from ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall |
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path of arterial supply from heart to ovary |
directly from aorta landmarks: renal > lumbar>ovarian (testicular)>inferior mesenteric |
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The only ovarian follicle containing secondary oocytes |
vesicular follicle all other follicles have only primary oocytes |
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What hormones do granolas cells secrete |
estrogen progesterone inhibin |
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what is the structure that separates a primary oocyte from granulosa cells? |
zona pellucida |
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what cells produce chemical that keeps a primary oocyte stuck in meiosis I stage? |
granolas cells via gap junctions in zone pellucid |
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Follicle after primary follicle |
pre-antral follicle |
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Follicle before primary follicle |
primordial follicle |
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Which follicle has granulosa cells that are replicating? |
pre-antral follicle |
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Which follicle has theca cells forming? |
pre-antral |
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what cell has receptors for luteinizing hormone? |
theca cells of pre-astral follicle |
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where does luteinizing hormone come from |
anterior pituitary |
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what happens with the theca cells are bound by luteinizing hormone? |
theca cells make androstenedione granulosa cells react with androstenedione and make estrogen, which is sent out into the blood stream blood estrogen levels rise https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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result of estrogen levels in blood after LH is released |
blood estrogen levels rise |
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what is antrum |
fluid produced by granulosa cells that cause the follicle to expand https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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what cells create antrum |
granulosa |
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what things do granolas cells produce |
estrogen (after androstenedione binds) antrum chemical that keeps primary oocyte in meiosis I https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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what is the name of the one follicle that gets ovulated each month? |
the dominant follicle (largest) https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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Follicles that don't get ovulated go through _____ |
atresia (degenerate) |
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How many eggs does a woman lose each menstrual cycle to atresia? |
15-25 |
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The granolas cells that float around in the antrum with the oocyte before it's ovulated |
cumulus oophorus |
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List two things a mature follicle has |
antrum cumulus oophorus |
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what is the corpus luteum |
the remnants of the follicle after the egg is ovulated yellow in color https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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granolas cells in the corpus lute produce more of these hormones at this stage |
estrogen progesterone inhibin (lowers the amount of follicle-stimulating hormone that comes from the anterior pituitary) https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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What is the hormone that reduces the amount of FSH |
inhibin https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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What happens to the corpus luteum if the egg doesn't get fertilized? |
It grows in size for 10 days produces estrogen, progesterone, inhibin undergoes apoptosis https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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What happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is fertilized? |
The corpus luteum persists, continuing to produce estrogen and progesterone, which bulk up the endometrium for implantation https://youtu.be/VYSFNwTUkG0 |
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Before birth, a female fetus ovary contains germ cells called: |
oogonia |
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Are oogonia diploid or haploid? |
diploid |
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during the fetal period, how do more primary oocytes come to be produced |
oogonia undergo mitosis to produce many primary oocytes |
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In what stage of cell division do oocytes arrest |
prophase I |
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Where in the ovary are the follicles located? |
cortex |
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Does atresia continue during childhood? |
yes females are born with 1.5 million, and by puberty have only 400,000 primary oocytes left |
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How many oocytes are females born with and how many do they have at puberty? Why is this number different? |
1.5 million at birth 400,000 at puberty atresia causes many primary follicles to regress |
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What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle? |
Follicular phase, ovulation luteal phase |
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What days of the 28 day cycle are the follicular phase? |
1-13 |
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What days of the 28 day cycle are the ovulation phase? |
day 14 |
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What hormone is produced during follicular development to suppress further follicle stimulation |
inhibin |
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What days of the 28 day cycle luteal phase? |
days 15-28 |
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What is the luteal phase? |
corpus luteum |
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what is the corpus luteum? |
essentially it's an endocrine gland which secretes progesterone and estrogen to build up endometrium |
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What is the result of the regression of the corpus luteum |
corpus albicans |
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What happens as the corpus luteum regresses? |
The levels of estrogen and progesterone drop, and the endometrium is shed |
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What event marks the end of the luteal phase? |
menses |
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What is the name of the first menstrual cycle a female has |
menarche |
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Two medical conditions that cease periods |
annorexia nervosa low body fat |
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At what age do women typically undergo menopause |
45-55 |
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Where is GnRH produced |
hypothalamus |
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what does GnRH do |
stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH |
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What are the targets of FSH and LH |
ovaries to stimulate follicular development and affect the ovarian follicle's secretion of other hormones |
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Target of inhibin
Where does inhibit come from |
comes from maturing follicle goes to the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus to inhibit the release of FSH and LH |
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Besides inhibin, what hormone inhibits FSH? |
estrogen, which is secreted by the maturing follicle |
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What happens when a large threshold of estrogen is reached by the vesicular follicle? |
it goes to the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. A surge of LH is released, which induces ovulation (the corpus luteum is formed under the influence of LH) |
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What are the effects of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin from the corpus luteum? |
target the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus to inhibit them. Specifically, inhibin regulates FSH while estrogen regulates GnRH and LH and FSH |
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Most oral contraceptives prevent the release of which hormone? |
LH |
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What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
it is a hormone secreted by the pre-embryo that acts on the corpus luteum (just as LH had) and the corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen, progesterone. After 3 months, the placenta begins providing estrogen and progesterone and the corpus luteum regresses into corpus albicans. |
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Lining of fallopian tubes (outer) |
mesosalpinx |
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What is the section of the fallopian tube called where the fimbriae is? |
infindibulum |
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What is the section of the fallopian tube with finger-like projections? |
fimbriae |
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What is the section of the fallopian tube where most fertilization occurs |
ampulla |
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the section of the fallopian tube between the ampulla and the uterus. 1/3 of fallopian tube length |
isthmus |
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3 layers making up the wall of the uterus |
endometrium myometrium perimetrium |
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3 areas at the opening of the uterus |
external os cervical canal internal os |
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what cells line the fallopian tube |
simple columnar ciliated |
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two methods for moving the oocyte or fertilized pre-embryo toward the uterus from fallopian tubes |
cilia peristalsis |
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What is the position of the uterus in the pelvis |
ateverted |
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What position can the uterus shift to in older women? |
retroverted |
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What hormone initiates labor |
oxytocin |
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where do the uterus and uterine tubes receive their blood supply |
uterine arteries (branches of the internal iliac) |
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What kind of tissue covers the external os? |
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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What muscles help hold the uterus in place? |
pelvic diaphragm, urogenital diaphragm |
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What ligaments hold the uterus in place? |
round ligament |
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Path of round ligaments |
extend from lateral sides of uterus, traverse through the inguinal canal and attach to the labia majora |
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what is continuous with the perimysium? |
broad ligament |
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What are the two layers of the endometrium |
basal layer (stratum basalis) functional layer (stratum functionalis) |
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which layer of the endometrium remains the same |
basal layer |
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which layer of the endometrium changes throughout the ovulation cycle |
functional layer |
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what gives rise to the functional layer of endometrium |
basal layer |
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what is the blood supply for the vagina |
vaginal arteries that come from the internal iliac |
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What is the venous drainage of the vagina |
vaginal veins |
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Is the vagina more acidic or more alkalotic |
acidic. Semen is alkalotic |
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What is the external opening of the vagina called |
vaginal orifice |
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The cyclical changes in the endometrial lining occur under the influence of _____ |
corpus luteum |
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What are the three phases of the uterine cycle |
menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase |
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During the uterine cycle, what occurs at days 1-5? |
menstrual phase |
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During the uterine cycle, what occurs at days 6-14? |
proliferative phase |
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During the uterine cycle, what occurs at days 15-28? |
Secretory phase |
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What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle? |
sloughing of functional layer |
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what happens during the proliferation phase of the uterine cycle? |
initial development of the new functional layer (overlaps the time of follicle growth and estrogen secretion by the ovary) |
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what happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle? |
increased progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum results in increased vascularization and development of the uterine glands. |
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What is another name for external genitalia of a woman? |
vulva |
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An expanse of skin and subcutaneous connective tissue immediately anterior to the pubic symphysis |
mons pubis |
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Where is the vestibule in a female? |
the area between the labia minora |
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What is within the vestibule? |
urethral opening, vaginal orifice |
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what is the bulb of vestibule |
an erectile body which engorges with blood and increases sensitivity during sexual intercourse |
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What secretes musin as a lubricant to the vagina in the vestibule |
greater vestibular glands |
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what is the greater vestibular gland homologous with in a male? |
bulbourethral glands |
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What two erectile bodies form the body of the clitoris? |
corpora cavernosa |
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What is the status of a woman who has never bore a child? |
nulliparity |
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what is nulliparity |
a woman who has never bore a child |
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what is the primary productive organ in a male |
testes |
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What is the ideal temperature for storing sperm? |
3 degrees lower than internal body temperature
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what is the external seam of the scrotum called |
raphe |
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where does the raphe end |
anus |
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what is the internal muscle of the scrotum called |
dartos muscle |
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where is the dartos muscle |
internal muscle of the scrotum |
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What are the three layers of the spermatic cord |
internal spermatic fascia cremaster muscle and cremasteric fascia external spermatic fascia |
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the cremaster muscle and is formed from muscle fibers of the _____ |
internal oblique muscle |
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the external spermatic fascia of the spermatic cord comes from |
aponeurosis of the external oblique |
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describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the penis |
parasympathetic is erection of the penis sympathetic is ejaculation |
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what is the pampiniform plexus in males |
The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. |
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what is the pampiniform plexus in females |
In females, the pampiniform plexus drains the ovaries. The right ovary drains from the plexus to the ovarian vein and then to the inferior vena cava. However, the left ovary drains from the plexus to the left ovarian vein, and from there drains to the left renal vein before emptying into the inferior vena cava. |
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Where does the testicular artery come from? |
directly from the aorta (branches just under renal artery) |
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what is the function of the pampiniform plexus in the males? |
to cool arterial blood before it reaches the testes |
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what is the role of inhibin in males |
to inhibit FSH when sperm counts are high |
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what cells form the blood-testis barrier? |
sustentacular cells |
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why is there a blood-testis barrier? |
to protect developing sperm from toxins in blood to protect sperm from white blood cells since they have different proteins and different numbers of chromosomes |
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how are ovarian follicles protected from the blood? |
follicles |
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what are the spaces surrounding the seminiferous tubules? |
interstitial spaces contain interstitial cells |
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what cells are stimulated by LH in males |
interstitial cells |
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what do interstitial cells produce when they are stimulated by LH |
androgens (testosterone, eg) |
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List the steps of hormones and their effects in the male reproductive system? |
- the hypothalamus releases GnRH - The anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH - FSH and LH target the tests and stimulate spermatogenesis and androgen production specifically, LH stimulates interstitial cells and testes to secrete testosterone, FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding protein circulating testosterone inhibits GnRH, that's why ABP to keep it in the testis - sustentacular cells respond to the rising sperm count and secret inhibit - FSH secretion from anterior pituitary is inhibited - circulating testosterone stimulates libido |
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Do sperm development and androgen production use negative feedback/positive feedback, or both? |
only negative, where ovarian cycle uses both |
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what things unite at the opening of the prostate? |
ampulla of the vas deferens, the seminal vesicle opening and the prostate called the ejaculatory duct |
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what is the ejaculatory duct? |
where the ampulla of the vas deferent meets the tubes from the seminal vesclicles at the opening of the prostate |
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each ejaculatory duct opens into the ___ |
prostatic urethra |
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What are the three sections of the urethra? |
prostatic, membranous, spongy |
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what is the purpose of seminal fluid? |
increased pH for sperm survival in acidic vagina nourishment of sperm while they travel |
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where are the components of seminal fluid from? |
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands |
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where are the seminal vesicles located? |
posterior surface of urinary bladder, lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens |
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what does the fluid from the seminal vesicles contain? |
fructose and prostaglandins. fructose for nourishment of sperm prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that promote and slight dilation of the end of the cervix. |
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what fluid from the prostate gland contributes to semen? |
citric acid, nutrient for sperm health seminalplasmin is an antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections in males prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an enzyme that helps liquify semen after ejaculation |
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what fluid from bulbourethral glands contribute to semen? |
secrete mucus (clear) protects the urethra and acts as a lubricant during intercourse enters the urethra at the spongy urethra at the base of penis (bulb) |
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where are bulbourethra glands located |
on each side of the membranous prostate in the diaphragm |
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what is another name for foreskin |
prepuce |
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what are the three erectile bodies in the penis |
corpora cavernosa x 2 corpus spongiosum |
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what nerve serves the penis |
dorsal nerve of the penis |
