Reproductive

Front 1

AFP mis-interpretation
-due to what?
-why?

Back 1

-dating error (underestimate gestational age)
-AFP increases with gestational age

Front 2

triplet test is what 3 hormones?

Back 2

AFP, hCG, estriol

Front 3

AFP levels
-Down's syndrome
-hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 3

-decreased AFP
-increased AFP

Front 4

hCG
-source
-fxn
-test for what?
-elevated in what conditions?
-decreased in what?

Back 4

-syncytiotrophoblast (placenta)
-maintains corpus luteum
-used to test preg 8 days post-fertilization
-hydatidform mole, choriocarcinoma
-Down's syndrome

Front 5

hydatidiform mole
-what is it?
-labs?
-physical exam?
-appearance
-complete mole: genotype, origin
-partial mole: genotype
-what may be present in partial?

Back 5

-ovum with no DNA- cystic swelling of chorionic vili
-increased beta-hCG
-enlarged uterus
-cluster of grapes
-46, XX, completely parternal
-triploid or tetraploid
-part of fetus may be present

Front 6

LH
-stimulates which cells in males?
-produce which hormone?

Back 6

-Leydig cells
-testosterone

Front 7

FSH
-stimulates which cells in males?
-where are they located
-secrete what?

Back 7

-Sertoli cells
-seminiferous tubules
-inhibin B
-what is the importance of inhibin B

Hint 7

-feedback inhibition on FSH

Front 8

Pelvic inflammatory disease
-what organisms?
-sxs?
-increase incidence of what?

Back 8

-Gonorrhea,Chlamydia
-fever, rebound abdominal tenderness, cervical motion/adnexal tenderness, purulent cervical discharge
-ectopic pregnancy

Front 9

what causes ovulation?

Back 9

LH surge

Front 10

oral contraceptives
-prevent what? 3

Back 10

-prevent estrogen surge, LH surge, ovulation

Front 11

which hormone dominates in secretory phase?

proliferative phase?

Back 11

-progesterone

-estrogen

Front 12

what is the action of estrogen?

what is the action of progesterone?

Back 12

-stimulates endometrial proliferation

-maintains endometrium to support implantation

Front 13

Meiosis
-when do primary oocytes begin meiosis I?
-when is meiosis I complete?
-meisosis I is arrested in which phase?
-meisosi II is arrested in which phase? until when?

Back 13

-during fetal life
-prior to ovulation
-prophase (until ovulation)
-metaphase; until fertilization

Front 14

Polycystic ovarian syndrome
-increase in what hormone?
-LH levels?
-FSH levels?
-clinical findings?
-tx?
-increase risk of what conditions?

Back 14

-testosterone
-increased LH (leads to what?)
-decreased FSH
-amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism, polyystic ovaries
-weight loss, OCPs, gonadotropin analogues, surgery
-DM 2, endometrial adenocarcinoma

Hint 14

-incraase LH -> anovulation, hyperandrogenism (deranged steroid synthesis)

Front 15

Flutamide
-MoA
-use?
-SE

Back 15

-competes with testosterone and DHT for testosterone receptors
-prostate cancer
-gyencomastia, impotence, hot flashes

Front 16

hydrocele
-what accumulates where?
-which structure failed to close?

Back 16

-serous fluid accumulates in tunica vaginalis
-processus vaginalis

Front 17

PID includes which conditions?

Back 17

-salpingitis- fallopian tubes
-endometritis
-hydrosalpinx- blocked fallopian tube
-tub-ovarian abscess

Front 18

salpingitis is a risk factor for what?

Back 18

-ectopic pregnancy
-infertility
-chronic pelvic pain
-adhesions

Front 19

varicocele
-what is it?
-MoA
-outcome?

Back 19

-enlargement of veins in the scrotum draining the testicles
-valves in the veins don't work properly
-damage testicular tissue

Front 20

indirect inguinal hernia
-goes through which structures?
-anatomical location?
-population?
-what structure failed to close?

Back 20

-internal inguinal ring, external inguinal ring, into scrotum
-lateral to inferior epigastric artery
-infants
-processus vaginalis

Front 21

direct inguinalhernia
-anatomical location?
-goes through which structure?
-covered by what?
-population

Back 21

-medial to inferior epigastric artery (Hesselbach's triangle)
-external inguinal ring only
-covered by transversalis fascia
-older men

Front 22

femoral hernia
-protrudes through which structure?
-population

Back 22

-femoral canal, below and lateral to pubic tubercle
-women

Front 23

Hesselbach's triangle
-what 3 structures?
-which hernia

Back 23

-inguinal ligament
-inf epigastric artery
-rectus abdominis
-direct hernia

Front 24

fibroadenoma
-what type of tumor? benign/malignant?
-characteristics: size, texture
-what changes with pregnancy
-increase risk of breast cancer?

Back 24

-breast tumor, benign
-small, mobile, firm with sharp edges
-increases in size with pregnancy
-no

Front 25

intraductal papilloma
-what kind of tumor? where?
-presentation?
-benign or malignant?

Back 25

-tumor of lactiferous ducts
-serous, bloody, nipple discharge
-benign

Front 26

cystosarcoma phyllodes
-what kind of tumor?
-key characteristic?
-benign or malignant?

Back 26

-large, bulky mass of CT tissue and cysts
-leaf-like projections
-may be malignant

Front 27

malignant breast carcinomas
-what receptors are overexpressed?
-what is the most important prognostic factor?

Back 27

-erb-B2
-lymph node involvement

Front 28

ductal carcinoma in situ
-what is key?
-what point in the disease?
-benign or malignant?

Back 28

-no basement membrane penetration
-early malignancy
-malignant

Front 29

invasive ductal carcinoma
-texture, appearance
-prognosis
-benign or malignant?

Back 29

-firm, fibrous mass
-worst and move invasive
-malignant

Front 30

comedocarcinoma
-what characteristic?
-which part is invaded?

Back 30

-cheesy- central necrosis
-ductal

Front 31

inflammatory carcinoma (breast)
-what is involved?
-prognosis?

Back 31

-lymphatics
-poor prognosis

Front 32

invasive lobular carcinoma
-characteristic?

Back 32

-multiple and bilateral

Front 33

medullary carcinoma (breast)
-prognosis
-characteristic?

Back 33

-good
-fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate

Front 34

Paget's disease of the breast
-appearance?
-what kind of cells
-what is suggested?

Back 34

-eczematous patches on nipple
-large cells with clear halo
-suggest underlying carcinoma

Front 35

fibrocystic disease
-presentation

Back 35

-diffuse breast pain and multiple lesions (bilateral)

Front 36

acute mastitis
-what pathogen?
-what is formed?

Back 36

-S. aurues
-breast abscess

Front 37

fat necrosis
-pain?
-cause?

Back 37

-painless lump
-injury to breast tissue

Front 38

gynecomastia
-causes?

Back 38

-hyperestrogenism, Klinefelter's, drugs

Front 39

peau d'orange
-cause?

Back 39

-cancer infiltrates on suspensory Cooper ligaments