Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
drainage of left ovary/testis?
|
left gonadal vein - left renal ven - IVC
|
|
|
drainage of right ovary/testis?
|
right gonadal ven - IVC
|
|
|
what does the suspensory ligament of the ovaries contain?
|
ovarian vessels
|
|
|
what does the transverse cervical/cardinal ligament contain?
|
uterine vessels
|
|
|
what does the round ligament of the uterus contain?
|
no important structures
|
|
|
what does the broad ligament of the uterus contain?
|
round ligaments of uterus and ovaries and uterine tubules and vessels
|
|
|
what is the acrosome derived from?
|
golgi
|
|
|
what is the flagellum (tail) of sperm derived from?
|
one of the centrioles
|
|
|
what is the sperm food supply?
|
fructose
|
|
|
what does spermatogenesis begin with?
|
spermatogonia (type A and B)
|
|
|
where does spermatogenesis occur?
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
what does type A spermatogonia form?
|
both type A and type B
|
|
|
what forms the blood-testis barrier?
|
junctional complex (tight junction) between Sertoli cells
|
|
|
what stimulates testosterone release from Leydig cells?
|
LH
|
|
|
FSH stimulates sertoli cells to produce what?
|
androgen binding protein & inhibin (inhibits FSH)
|
|
|
what converts testosterone and androstenedione to estrogen in adipose tissue?
|
aromatase
|
|
|
list the forms of estrogen in order of potency
|
estradiol > estrone > estriol
|
|
|
what enzyme converts cholesterol to androstenedione in the theca cell? what stimulates it?
|
desmolase; LH
|
|
|
what converts androstenedione to estrogen in the granulosa cell? what stimulates it?
|
aromatase; FSH
|
|
|
what is elevation of progesterone indicative of?
|
ovulation
|
|
|
what does unopposed estrogen therapy increase the risk of? what can be added to decrease this risk?
|
endometrial cancer; progesterone decreases the risk
|
|
|
this hormone is responsible for stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spiral artery development
|
progesterone
|
|
|
what does progesterone do to myometrial excitability?
|
decreases it
|
|
|
what influence does progesterone have on uterine smooth muscle?
|
relaxes it
|
|
|
when is follicular growth the fastest?
|
during 2nd week of proliferative phase
|
|
|
what stimulates endometrial proliferation?
|
estrogen
|
|
|
what maintains the endometrium to support implantation?
|
progesterone
|
|
|
when does the estrogen surge occur?
|
day before ovulation - stimulates LH, inhibits FSH
|
|
|
what effect does progesterone have on temperature?
|
increases it
|
|
|
what is the role of OCPs?
|
prevent estrogen surge, LH surge so ovulation does not occur
|
|
|
what maintains the corpus luteum for the 1st trimester?
|
hCG
|
|
|
when does hCG appear in urine after fertilization?
|
8 days
|
|
|
what is the average age of onset of menopause?
|
51 - earlier in smokers
|
|
|
what happens to estrogen levels after menopause?
|
decrease
|
|
|
what happens to levels of FSH, LH, GnRH at menopause?
|
increase (FSH increases the most; no LH surge)
|
|
|
what does a bicornuate uterus result from?
|
incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts; associated with UT abnormalities and infertility
|
|
|
what does hypospadias result from?
|
failure of urethral folds to close - opening on inferior/ ventral side
|
|
|
what does epispadias result from?
|
faulty positioning of genital tubercle - on superior/dorsal side
|
|
|
what is hypospadias associated with?
|
UTIs - more common than epispadias
|
|
|
what is epispadias associated with?
|
exstrophy of the bladder
|
|
|
what stage is an oocyte in prior to ovulation?
|
prOphase of meiosis I
|
|
|
what stage is a follicle in until fertilization?
|
METaphase of meiosis II
|
|
|
what is Mittelschmerz
|
blood from ruptured follicle causes peritoneal irritation - can mimic appendcitis
|
|
|
ovaries present, but external genitalia are virilized or ambiguous - due to exposure to androgenic steroids during early gestation
|
female pseudohermaphrodite (XX)
|
|
|
testes present, but external genitalia are female or ambiguous
|
male pseudohermaphrodite
|
|
|
what is the phenotype in androgen insensitivity syndrome (46, XY)?
|
female - female external genitalia with rudimentary vagina, uterus and uterine tubes generally absent; develops testes
|
|
|
in androgen insensitivity, what levels of testosterone, estrogen, LH are seen?
|
all high
|
|
|
cryptorchidism is associated with an increased risk for what?
|
germ cell tumors, especially seminoma and embryonal carcinoma
|
|
|
what happens in 5-alpha reductase deficiency?
|
unable to convert T-DHT; ambiguous genitalia until puberty, when increased testosterone causes masculinization of genitalia
|
|
|
what levels of testosterone, estrogen, and LH are associated with 5-alpha reductase deficiency?
|
normal; LH normal or increased
|
|
|
in what location is nodular enlargement seen in BPH?
|
periuretheral (lateral and middle) lobes
|
|
|
from where does prostatic adenocarcinoma most often arise?
|
posterior lobe (peripheral zone)
|
|
|
what is the genotype of a complete hyatidiform mole? what is the origin?
|
46, XX- completely paternal in origin
|
|
|
what is HELLP syndrome?
|
Hemolysis, Elevated LFTs, Low Platelets
|
|
|
what is the treatment for eclampsia?
|
IV magnesium sulfate and diazepam
|
|
|
increased risk of abruptio placentae with what?
|
smoking, hypertension, cocaine use
|
|
|
painful uterine bleeding usually during 3rd trimester
|
abruptio placentae - premature separatino of placenta (may be associated with DIC)
|
|
|
defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach directly to myometrium
|
plaenta accreta
|
|
|
what stimulates theca cells to secrete androstenedione and testosterone?
|
LH
|
|
|
what stimulates aromatase activity in granulosa cells?
|
FSH
|
|
|
where is the deep inguinal ring?
|
about 1/2 inch above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
|
|
|
how do indirect inguinal hernias enter the inguinal canal?
|
through the deep inguinal ring
|
|
|
in many cases of Paget disease of the breast, what else is present?
|
underlying adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
lump in breast with prominent multinucleated giant cell reaction?
|
fat necrosis
|
|
|
three types of ovarian tumors that can produce large amounts of steroid hormones?
|
sertoli-leydig cell tumors, fibroma-thecomas, granulosa cell tumors
|
|
|
what is the most likely condition predisposing to breast abscess/mastitis?
|
breast feeding
|
|
|
what predisposes to placenta accreta?
|
prior C-section or inflammation; may have massive hemorrhage after delivery
|
|
|
placenta previa?
|
attachment of placenta to lower uterine segement; may occlude cervical os
|
|
|
painless bleeding in any trimester
|
placenta previa
|
|
|
what is polyhydraminos (>1.5-2L) associated with?
|
esophageal/duodenal atresia; anencephaly
|
|
|
what is oligohydraminos (<0.5L) associated with?
|
bilateral renal agenesis or posteror urethral valves (in males)
|
|
|
koilocytes?
|
cervical dysplasia - HPV
|
|
|
what types of HPV are associated with CIN?
|
16, 18
|
|
|
how does HPV cause CIN?
|
HPV viral proteins E6 & E7 bind and inactivate gene products of p53 & Rb
|
|
|
endometrial hyperplasia puts one at an increased risk for what?
|
endometrial CA
|
|
|
abnormal endometrial gland proliferation usually caused by excess estrogen stimulation
|
endometrial hyperplasia
|
|
|
what is the most common gynecological malignancy?
|
endometrial carcinoma
|
|
|
what is the peak age for endometrial carcinoma? how does it typically present?
|
55-65; vaginal bleeding
|
|
|
risk factors for endometrial cancer?
|
prolonged estrogen use, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension
|
|
|
leiomyomas are sensitive to what?
|
estrogen - increased sized with pregnancy and decreased with menopause
|
|
|
amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
|
|
|
increased LH production leads to anovulation, hyperandrogensim due to deranged steroid synthesis
|
PCOS
|
|
|
treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome?
|
weight loss, OCPs, gonadotropin analogs, or surgery
|
