Reproduction And Genetics

Front 1

what is asexual reproduction

how many parent organisms does it need

example

Back 1

Reproduction that does not need sex

one parent

all body cells

Front 2

How does asexual reproduction work

Back 2

New cells are formed when old ones divide to create two identical copies called daughter cells

Front 3

what is the process called that cells divide by

Back 3

Mitosis

Front 4

When does sexual reproduction begin

Back 4

When the male and female sex cells (called gametes) fuse to form a new cell called a zygote

Front 5

What does the zygote do

Back 5

Divides over and over to produce the number and variety of cells needed to form a new organism

Front 6

What is the fusing of gametes called

Back 6

Fertilization

Front 7

why cant a gamete build a zygote by itself

Back 7

because it only carries half the number of chromosomes

Front 8

What are advantages to sexual reproduction (3)

Back 8

- Evolution (mutation)

- variation (if there is little variation then a small change in the environment could wipe out a species)

- produces offspring that are similar but different to parents

Front 9

Back 9

Front 10

Back 10

Front 11

1. Ureter:

2. Prostategland:

3. Cowper'sglad:

4. Seminalvesicle:

5. Urethra

Back 11

1. delivers urine from the kidneys to the bladder. 2. add fluids to sperm to make semen.

3. neutralize the urethra

4. secretesfluids that are in it

5. tube running the length of the penis. It empties the bladder of urine and allows the passage of semen

Front 12

1. Testicle or testis:

2. Epidermis:

3. Penis:

Back 12

1. where the sperm is made or formed. They are also responsible for theproduction of testosterone.

2. coiled tubes at the top of the testis in which sperm are stored

3. contains sponge like tissue that fills with blood when the male is sexuallyaroused. The tissue expands and is harder than before, causing an erection.

Front 13

1. Ovary

2. Cervix

3. Fallopian tube

Back 13

1. releaseseggs (ova) and produces the female sex hormone estrogen and progesterone.

2. thesmall opening to the uterus. The cervix stretches during child birth. Duringsexual intercourse the penis foes not enter the cervix or the uterus.

3. thetube connecting ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization can occur there.

Front 14

1. Uterus

2. vagina

Back 14

1. thefertilized egg implants itself in the lining of the uterus to continue growing.The baby develops and grows here for the nine months of pregnancy.

2. thepenis is inserted here during sexual intercourse. Sperm must swim from here tothe fallopian tubes if fertilization is to occur.

Front 15

what is the menstrual cycle controlled by?

Back 15

Hormones from the ovaries and the pituitary gland

Front 16

what is mensturation

Back 16

The uterus lining breaking down caused by FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Front 17

what will a fertilized egg do

Back 17

it will bury itself in the uterus lining

Front 18

whats the difference between mitosis and meiosis

Back 18

mitosis is cell division which results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes. (used for cell growth and repair)

meiosis is the production of four daughter cells (divided in two divisions: meiosis 1 and meiosis 2) (used for sexual reproduction and produces haploid cells different to each other

Front 19

what are chromosomes and their genes made of

Back 19

DNA (deoxyribose Nucleic Acid)

Front 20

How does DNA form chromosomes

Back 20

They are long molecule of tightly coiled DNA

Front 21

What does DNA do?

Back 21

Carry code that controls what cells are made of and what they do

Front 22

Back 22

Front 23

what is a DNA ladder held together by

Back 23

held together by rungs made from pairs of chemicals called basas

Front 24

4 types of bases DNA

Back 24

A-adenine

C-cytosine

G-guanine

T-thymine

Front 25

difference between homozygous and heterozygosis

Back 25

An organism can be homozygous dominant, if it carries two copies of the same dominant allele, or homozygous recessive, if it carries two copies of the same recessive allele. Heterozygous means that an organism has two different alleles of a gene.

Front 26

how are characteristics passed on to offspring

Back 26

Through chromosomes

Front 27

where are chromosomes located

Back 27

in the nucleus of cells

Front 28

What are homologous chromosomes

Back 28

chromosomes in matching pairs. They contain one chromosome that is inherited from each parent

Front 29

What X and Y combination makes:

1. girl

2. boy

what chance do you have of having a girl

Back 29

1. XX

2. XY

50:50

Front 30

what are sex linked traits

Back 30

traits that are linked by the X and Y chromosome eg red/green colour blindness or hemophilia

Front 31

when deos crossing over occur

Back 31

When the chromatids line up in the first cell division of meiosis.

Front 32

what is crossing over

Back 32

when the chromatids line up in pairs and parts of the chromosome can cross over to the other. This can happen randomly leading to large variations within offspring

Front 33

two examples of how gene technology has been used to benefit humans

Back 33

Crops can be larger taste better or stored better

can detect disorders

Front 34

what is gene technology

Back 34

Gene technology alters particular characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genes

Front 35

Genetically modified plants

Back 35

Organisms that have their gene sequences altered are called genetically modified plants or animals

Front 36

what are transgenic animals

Back 36

An animal that has modified genes directly injected into it

Front 37

what is genetic engineering

Back 37

is about changing the DNA of a living thing to change its characteristic

Front 38

what are GM crops and 7 examples

Back 38

Crops that have been genetically modified

- pest resistant

- more nutricious

- frost resistant

- disease resistant

- herbicide resistant

- drought resistant

- longer shelf life

Front 39

4 advantages of genetically modified crops

Back 39

- GM crops would need fewer chemical sprays -GM crops could grow in harsher conditions

- GM crops could give bigger yields

- GM crops could result in cheaper food

Front 40

4 disadvantages of genetically modified crops

Back 40

- The new proteins in GM crops could cause allergies

- GM crops could reduce biodiversity

- Accidental transfer of new genes to other plants

- GM seeds are expensive

Front 41

advantages of genetic modifications (4)

Back 41

1. fix genes with diseases

2. genes can be used to show desirable characteristics

3.reduce cost of food production

4. better resistance to weeds pests and disease

Front 42

disadvantages of genetic modifications (3)

Back 42

1. unnatural

2. scientists playing god tampering with nature

3. couple food companies controlling food production

Front 43

What did Gregor Mendel discover

Back 43

Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.

Front 44

what are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis (5)

Back 44

-Persistent coughing, at times with phlegm

-Frequent lung infections including pneumonia or bronchitis

- Wheezing or shortness of breath

-Poor growth or weight gain in spite of a good appetite

-Male infertility

Front 45

is cystic fibrosis recessive or dominant

Back 45

recessive