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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Testes |
The male gonads, or primary reproductive organs; male sex hormones and sperm are produced in the testes |
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Ovary |
The female gonad, or reproductive organ; female sex hormones and egg cells are produced in the ovary |
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Fertilization |
Fusion of a male and a female sex cell |
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Zygote |
The cell resulting from the union of a male and female sex cell |
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Embryo |
The early stages of an animal's development |
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Fetus |
The later stages of an unborn offspring's development |
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Scrotum |
The sac that contains the testes |
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Vas deferens |
Tube that conducts sperm towards the urethra |
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Ejaculatory duct |
A tubule formed at the union of the vasa deferentia and the seminal vesicle ducts and opening into the urethra |
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Semen (seminal fluids) |
A secretion of the male reproductive organs that is composed of sperm and fluids |
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Seminiferous tubules |
Coiled ducts found within the testes, where immature sperm cells divide and differentiate |
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Spermatogenesis |
Process by which spermatogonia divide and differentiate into mature sperm cells |
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Spermatogonia |
Sperm-producing cells found in the seminiferous tubules |
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Spermatocyte |
A cell that arises from division of spermatogonia during spermatogenesis |
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Spermatid |
An immature sperm cell that arises from division of a spermatocyte |
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Somatic cell |
Any cell in a multicellular organism that is not a reproductive cell |
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Sertoli cell |
A cell that provides metabolic and mechanical support to developing cells |
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Epididymis |
Structure located along the posterior border of the testis, consisting of coiled tubules that store sperm cells |
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Acrosome |
The cap found on sperm cells, containing enzymes that permit the sperm cell to move through the outer layers that surround the egg |
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Seminal fluid |
The fluid part of the semen, which is secreted by three glands |
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Seminal vesicle |
Structure that contributes to the seminal fluid (semen), a secretion that contains fructose and prostaglandins |
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Prostrate gland |
Structure that contributes to the seminal fluid (semen), a secretion containing buffers that protect the sperm cells from the acidic environment of the vagina |
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Cowper's (bulbourethral) gland |
Structure that contributes a mucus rich fluid to the seminal fluid (semen)
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Primary sexual characteristics |
Physical characteristics of an organism that are directly involved in reproduction |
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Secondary sexual characteristics |
External features of an organism that are indicative of its gender (female or male), but are not the reproductive organs themselves |
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Testosterone |
Male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the testes |
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Interstitial cells |
Cells found in the testes surrounding the seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone |
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Gonadotrophic hormones |
Hormones produced by the pituitary gland that regulate the functions of the testes in males and ovaries in females |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
In males, hormone that increases sperm production |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
In males, hormone that regulates the production of testosterone |
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Gonadotrophic-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
Chemical messenger from the hypothalamus that stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary |
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Inhibin |
A hormone produced by the Sertoli cells that inhibits production of FSH |
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Ovum |
Egg cell |
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Oocyte |
An immature ovum |
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Uterus (womb) |
The hollow, pear shaped organ located between the bladder and the anus in females |
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Endometrium |
The glandular inner lining of the uterus |
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Fallopian tube (oviduct) |
One of the two tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus |
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Fibrium |
A fingerlike projection at the end of the fallopian tube |
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Vagina |
The muscular canal extending from the cervix to the outer environment; the birth canal |
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Cervix |
A muscular band that separates the vagina from the uterus |
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Oogenesis |
The formation and development of mature ova |
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Follicle |
Structure in the ovary that contains the oocyte |
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Granulosa |
The layer of small cells that form the wall of the follicle |
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Ovulation |
Release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle held within the ovary |
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Corpus luteum |
A mass of follicle cells that forms within the ovary after ovulation; secrets estrogen and progesterone |
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Menstruation (flow phase) |
The shedding of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle |
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Follicular phase |
Phase marked by the development of ovarian follicles before ovulation |
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Estrogen |
Hormone that activates development of female secondary sex characteristics, and increased thickening of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle |
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Ovulatory phase |
Phase in which ovulation occurs |
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Lutea phase |
Phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum following ovulation |
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Progesterone |
Hormone produced primarily by the corpus luteum that induces changes in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle |
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Menopause |
The termination of the female reproductive years |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
In females, a gonadotropin that promotes the development of the follicles in the ovaries |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
In females, a gonadotropin to promote ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum |
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Cleavage |
Cell division of a zygote in which the number of cells increases without any change in the size of the zygote |
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Blastocyst |
An early stage of the embryo development |
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Implantation |
The attachment of the embryo to the endometrium |
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Chorion |
The outer extraembryonic structure of the developing embryo that will contribute to the placenta |
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Amnion |
A fluid filled extra embryonic structure |
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Human chorionic gonadotropic hormone (hCG) |
An embryonic hormone that maintains the corpus luteum |
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Amniotic cavity |
The fluid filled cavity surrounding that the developing embryo |
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Extra embryonic coelom |
Body cavity between the amnion and the chorion |
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Yolk sac |
A membranous sac that forms during embryo development of most vertebrates; in humans, it does not contain yolk |
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Placenta |
The site for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and the fetus |
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Chorionic villi |
Vascular projections of the chorion |
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Allantois |
Extra embryonic structure that contributes to the blood vessels of the placenta |
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Umbilical cord |
Structure that connects the fetus to the placenta |
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First trimester |
The period during pregnancy from conception until the end of the third month |
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Gastrulation |
Process by which a grastula is formed |
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Gastrula |
Stage of embryonic development in which the embryo is composed of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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Ectoderm |
The outer layer of cells in an embryo |
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Mesoderm |
The middle layers of cells in an embryo |
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Endoderm |
The inner layer of cells in an embryo |
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Second trimester |
The period during pregnancy from the fourth month to the end of the six month |
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Third trimester |
The period during pregnancy from the seventh month until birth |
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Teratogen |
Any medication, chemical, infectious disease or environmental agent that may interfere with the normal development of the fetus or embryo |
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Parturition |
The act of giving birth; labour |
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Relaxin |
A hormone produced by the placenta prior to labour; causes the ligaments within the pelvis to loosen |
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Oxytocin |
A hormone from the pituitary gland that causes strong uterine contractions |
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Prolactin |
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland and associated with milk production |
