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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asexual
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one parent
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parthenogenesis
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unfertilized egg turns into individual
honey bees- drones rotifers |
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Hermaphroditic
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both male and female
fertilizes self-flukes, tapeworms cross fertilization- earthworms |
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Sexual
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two parents
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Gonads
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testes- sperm
ovaries- egg |
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Aquatic Animals
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external fertilization in the water
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Terrestrial and some aquatic animals
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internal fertilization via copulation
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oviparous
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egg layers- reptiles and birds
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ovoviviparous
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eggs retained in body- oysters, male sea horses, some snakes
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viviparous
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produce living young- most mammals
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Testes
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sperm and sex hormones
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In Scrotum
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cooler temperature needed or sperm
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interstitial cells
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produce testosterone
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seminiferous tubules
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coiled-produce sperm
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sertoli cells
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support, nourish, ad regulate sperm production
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epididymis
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maturation and storage of sperm
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vas deferens
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stores sperm
- propel sperm to urethra by muscular contraction |
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vasectomy
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cut and tie off the vas deferens
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penis
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spongy erectile tissue
nerves and blood flows- cause spaces to fill- become erect |
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circumcision
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remove penis foreskin
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semen
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sperm and secretion from three glands
seminal vesicle prostate bulbourethral glands |
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seminal vesicle
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base of bladder
fluid contains nutrients for sperm joins vas deferens- makes ejaculatory duct |
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prostate
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milk alkaline fluid
increase sperm mobility problems- enlarges or cancer- almost all older men |
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bulbourethral glands
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mucous secretion
lubrication |
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urethra
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exit through penis for sperm and urine- sphincter closes
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ejaculation
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as many as 40 million sperm/ mL
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emission
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sperm enters ejaculatory duct
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expulsion
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muscle contraction
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refractory period
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rest time
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sperm production
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spermatogenesis
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spermatogonium
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46 chromosomes- diploid
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primary spermatocytes
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46 chromosomes- diploid
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secondary spermatocytes
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23 chromosomes- haploid
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sperm
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23 chromosomes- haploid
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sperm tail
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locomotion
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sperm middle piece
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mitochondria for movement
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sperm head
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contains nucleus of cell
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sperm cap (acrosome)
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enzymes to penetrate egg
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several hundred million sperm produced/ day
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less than 100 get near the egg
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male hormone regulation
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gonoadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalmus x stimulates interior pituitary to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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luteinizing hormone
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LH
stimulates testes to make testosterone procued in interstitial cells- outside of the seminiferous tubules secondary sex characteristics function of sex organs |
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follicle stimulating hormone
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FSH
stimulates testes to make sperm |
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secondary sex characteristics
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puberty
facial and chest hair deeper voice- longer vocal chords baldness muscular development- upper body strength |
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anabolic steroids
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body builders
liver, kidney, cardiovascular damage |
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ovaries
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produce egg and sex hormones
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oviducts
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fallopian tubes
not attached to ovaries fimbriae- fingerlike- collect eggs egg fertilized in oviduct lined with cilia- pulls egg along |
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uterus
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thick walled, muscular
pear shaped- cervix at base |
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vagina
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expandable birth canal
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vulva
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external
mons pubis- fat deposits labia minor and major- skin folds clitoris- sexually sensitive |
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egg production
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oogenesis
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egg production process in ovaries
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primary oocyte in primary follicle (46 chromosomes diploid)
meiosis- stops at metaphase II until sperm actually penetrates egg secondary oocyte (23 chromosomes- haploid) mature follicle balloons out on ovary surface- called a Graffian follicle ovulation |
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ovulation
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follicle ruptures and releases secondary oocyte
midway, between period- 14 days from beginning of period Graffian follicle- turns into corpus luteum "yellow body" |
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female hormonal regulation
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gonadotrophic releasing hormone GnRH from hypothalmus x stimulates anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
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menopause
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ovarian and uterine cycle ceases- usually between 45-55
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secondary sex characteristics
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body hair
fat distribution pelvic girdle wider breast development |
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infertility
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failure to achieve pregnancy after 1 year (15%)
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possible causes of infertility
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low/abnormal sperm count- smoking, alcohol, sedentary
extremes in female body weight pelvic inflammatory disease- blocked oviducts endometriosis- even into body cavity |
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artificial insemination by donor
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partner or stranger's sperm
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in vitro fertilization
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"test tube babies"
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gamete intrafallopian transfer
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gametes placed in fallopian tubes
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intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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single sperm injected into an egg
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sexually transmitted viral diseases
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AIDS- caused by HIV
genital warts- caused by HPV genital herpes- caused by herpes virus hepatitis- liver disease- types A + B are sexually transmitted |
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sexually transmitted bacterial diseases
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chlamydia- chlamydia bacteria cause- could result in PID
gonorrhea- neisseria bacteria cause- could result in PID syphilis- treponema bacteria cause- 8 stages with latenet periods in between candida- yeast |
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extraembyonic membranes
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chorion
yolk sac allantois amnion |
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chorion
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become placenta
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yolk sac
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stored food- blood cell formation
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allantois
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blood vessels become the umbilical cord
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amnion
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sac which contains amniotic fluid
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fertilization
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occurs in the oviduct
sperm burrows through some pellucids- uses enzymes |
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zygote
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fertilized egg
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cleavage
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occurs as embryo moves to uterus
zygote divides: 1-2-4-6-8-16 etc. takes 3 days to travel to uterus |
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morula stage
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solid spherical mass of small cells
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blastocyst/blastula stage
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hollow ball of cells
implants in the endometrium- occurs at the end of the first week size of a period at the end of a sentence placenta devlops |
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placenta
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secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCQ)
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gastrula stage
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creates 3 cell layers
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm |
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ectoderm
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nervous system and skin
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mesoderm
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most internal organs
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endoderm
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lining of digestive and respiratory tract
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later embyonic development
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months 1-2
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third week
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mind development begins
neural tube heart formation |
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fourth and fifth week
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link buds
umbilical cord head and sense organs size of the height of this print |
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sixth to eighth weeks
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recognizable as a human with head and neck
reflex actions 1.5 inches long |
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placenta
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functions in gas, nutrient, and waste exchange
chorionic villi- tree like branches- imbed in uterus wall fetal side and maternal side- blood does not mix (usually) umbilical cord- connects fetus to placenta harmful chemicals can also cross the placenta |
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fetal development
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months 3-9
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third and fourth months
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ossification of bone
eyelashes, eyebrows, hair, and fingernails sex can be determined |
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fifth to seventh month
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movement
lanugo- downy hair vernix- white, greasy, protective substance 12 inches long |
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eighth to ninth month
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weigh gain
maturation of organs |
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birth
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280 days after start of last menstrual period
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stage one of labor
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contractions every 15-20 minutes
expulsion of mucous plug thinning of the cervix amniotic sac ruptures |
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stage two of labor
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contractions every 1- 2 minutes
episiotomy baby is born umbilical cord cut and tied |
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stage three of labor
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placenta dislodges and expelled
"after birth" |
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mammary glands
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15-24 lobules ending in mammary duct at nipple
lactation- milk is produced |
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colustrum
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milk produced in late pregnancy and early days after labor
higher protein and less fat than regular milk high in antibodies |
