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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ZP1, ZP2, ZP3 |
Secreted by the oocyte and form the zona pellucida |
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discontinuous meiosis process |
All oognia begin meiosis and arrest and prophase 1. Just before ovulation, the LH surge signals the oocyte to divide and arrest in metaphase II Meiosis will be completed upon fertilization |
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zona pellucida |
secreted by the primary oocyte Provides an attachment site for sperm |
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Granulosa cells |
simple squamous at primordial stage simple cuboidal at primary stage stratified at preantral stage Antrum develops in the middle |
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Mural Granulosa cells |
outer wall of the follicle. differentiate into the corpus luteum Express FSH receptor |
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Inner cumulus cells |
Inner cells in contact with the oocyte. Crucial for fimbrae to catch oocyte. Lost at ovulation |
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Thecal cells |
Express LH receptor and produce androgens, mostly androstenedione Become luteinized after ovulation |
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Ovarian reserve |
Number of primordial follicles |
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Primordial follicle |
Develop during gestation Contain simple squamous granulosa cells No zona pellucia, cumulus, or thecal cells |
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Primary follicle |
Simple cuboidal granulosa cells Oocyte initiates zona pellucida secretion No cumulus or theca |
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Secondary follicle |
Stratified granulosa cells Thecal cell layer first seen no cumulus |
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Antral follicle |
Division of granulosa cells Thecal cells form interna and externa Cumulus layer tight around oocyte |
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Large antral follicle |
Recruitable Can be seen on ultrasound |
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Large antral just before ovulation |
Progresses to metaphase II Forms stigma cumulus-oocyte complex is free floating |
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Corpus luteum |
Old antrum space fills with blood and granulosa lutein cells fill with lipid Infiltrated by blood vessels, theca cells, macrophages, etc Lives for about 14 days |
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Regression of corpus luteum |
Due to release of PGF2alpha and a decrease in progesterone. Turns into corpus albicans and is absorbed |
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To maintain arrest in meiosis I: |
Constitutively active GPR3 and high cAMP levels Supported by high cGMP |
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Selection of dominant follicle leads to |
High E production, switch to positive feedback, and the LH surge |
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Menopause |
Ages 46-55 Primary ovarian insufficiency and other factors Vaginal dryness, bone loss, increase cardio disease risk |
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Hot flashes |
Due to LH surges |
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Function of the oviduct |
Capture COC and provide it with nutrients Bind and store sperm Provide environment for fertilization Transport embryo to uterus |
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Place of fertilization |
ampullary-isthmus junction |
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Proliferative Phase |
Estradoil drives proliferation of cell types and expression of progesterone receptor to prime the endometrium ERalpha and ERbeta receptors are expressed along with IGF1 and VEGF |
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Secretory phase |
Progesterone from the corpus luteum induces glands to secrete products to provide nutrition to the embryo Blocks proliferation of estradiol Estrogen is converted to inactive form |
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Menstrual phase |
Spiral arteries contract and cause ischemia and death of endometrial cells. Leukocytes secrete matrix metalloproteases Decrease in P leads to increased COX-1 and increased PGF2alpha and contraction to release contents |
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Cervical mucus |
Thick in response to progesterone to allow sperm through, thin in response to estrogen |
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To maintain arrest in metaphase II: |
High cytostatic factor, which increases MAPK |
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To complete meiosis I: |
LH surge decreases cGMP, decreases cAMP and PKA Cyclin B and CDK1 activated Maturation promoting factor activated |
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Major events during ovulation |
-Upregulation of CYP11A1 and 3B HSD in mural granulosa cells to secrete progesterone -arrest at metaphase II -Cumulus expansion -Detachment of COC -Breakthrough of stigma -Release of COC |
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Hyaluronic acid |
Secreted by cumulus cells and causes cumulus expansion |
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Kit-ligand |
Stimulates oocyte growth |
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Anti-mullerian hormone |
stops follicles from growing too fast |
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What happens once the dominant follicle is selected? |
-Thecal cells express CYP11A1, CYP17, and 3B HSD to make androgens -In response to FSH, mural granulosa cells increase CYP18 to make estrogen -FSH induces LH receptor expression on mural granulosa |
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Hormone induced changes in oviduct |
Follicular phase: estrogen -increase epithelial cell size -increase blood flow to lamina propria -increase glycoprotein production -increase ciliogenesis -increase mucus production Luteal phase: progesterone -decrease epithelial size -deciliation -relaxes tone -decrease mucus |
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Functional zone of uterus |
Lost during menstruation |
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Basal zone of uterus |
Maintained during menstruation Vascularized by straight arteries |
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menorrhagia |
Heavy periods |
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Dysmenorrhea |
painful periods |
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oligomenorrhea |
few irregular periods |
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Female developement |
Absence of SRY allows for ovary development at 9 weeks Mullerian ducts form fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina Urogenital sinus forms lower vagina Genital folds, swelling, and tubercle form labia and clitoris |
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Adrenarche |
Development of pubic and axillary hair |
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Thelarche |
Changes in mammary glands |
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Intratesticular tract |
Rete testis and efferent ductule |
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Androgen binding protein |
Made by sertoli cells and concentrated T in seminiferous tubules |
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Fate of T in the Leydig cell |
Can remain as T, be converted to DHT by 5alpha reductase or be converted to estrogen by CYP19 |
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Sperm pathways |
Seminiferous tubules, rete teste, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejactulatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile urethra |
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Sertoli cells |
-FSH receptors -Form junctions with sperm and guide them to lumen -Form blood-testies barrier -Provide glucose to sperm via GLUT1 -Express aromatase -Produce AMH for male differentiation -Product inhibin -Secrete androgen binding protein |
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Leydig cell |
LH receptor High levels of 3BHSD produce androstenedion Convert to testosterone |
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5alpha reductase 2 |
Causes masculinization of external genitalia and puberty changes |
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5alpha reductase 1 |
Increase sebaceous gland activity and acne during puberty |
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Kisspeptide |
Activated HT to produce GnRH Inhibited by high levels of T and E |
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Exogenous administration of T |
Increases circulation T and decreases LH but will not concentrate in the testes. The decreased LH will decrease T from Leydig cells and decrease spermatogenesis |
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T for spermatogenesis |
Intratesticular T needs to be 100x greater than circulating T for spermatogenesis to occur |
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Inhibin |
Stimulated by FSH and feeds back to the anterior pituitary to decrease FSH |
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Decapacitation |
Addition of molecules to prevent acrosomal reaction of sperm |
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Where is sperm stored? |
Tail of epididymis |
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Emission |
Contraction of vas deferens and seminal vesicles and prostate. Sperm mixes with semen |
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Semenogelin |
Coagulate semen |
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PSA |
Liquifies coagulated semen |
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Bulbourethral glands |
lubricant secretion |
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Erection |
Parasympathetics cause NO release and vasodilation, which allows for blood flow |
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SRY gene |
Induces Leydig cells and activates SOX9 to induce sertoli cells |
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MIS/AMH |
Inhibits mullerian ducts in male embryo |
