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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the pelvis made of? |
2 ilium, sacrum and coccyx |
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is the pelvis a fixed structure? |
no - has two joints - sacroiliac and pubic symphysis (significant for females) |
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Which is closed? Pelvic inlet or outlet? |
Pelvic inlet is open, pelvic outlet is closed by muscles. If it wasn't, everything would fall out! |
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Pelvis regions: describe |
The pelvis has 2 anatomical subdivisions: the greater pelvis/false pelvis/superior region and the lesser pelvis/true pelvis/inferior region |
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Where is the superior region of the pelvis? |
Above the pelvic inlet, contains GIT |
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Where is the inferior region of the pelvis? |
Between the pelvic inlet and the outlet , contains reproductive organs |
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Which is larger, inlet or outlet? |
inlet is always larger than the outlet |
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Female pelvis vs male pelvis: differences in inlet, outlet, sub-pubic angle? |
Female inlet is round, large, male is heart shaped Female outlet is wide, male is triangular, smaller Female sub-pubic angle is 80-85 degrees, male sub-pubic angle is 50-60 degrees |
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What are the 2 muscles of the pelvic floor? Which is superior? |
Levator ani and coccygeus levator ani is in a sort of Y shape and lies over the coccygeus which surrounds it (near the coccyx) |
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Male and female pelvic floor differences? |
same muscles, however females have 3 openings |
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Where is the perineum? |
a region inferior to the pelvic floor and between the upper region of the thighs |
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what does the perineum contain? |
external genitalia and anus, 2 triangular divisions |
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what are the 2 subdivisions of the perineum? |
the uritogenital triangle - contains the urethral, vaginal opening and external genetalia the anal triangle contains fat and the anal canal |
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what are the male reproductive tracts? |
the tracts the sperm is made in and travels along: include the testis, epididymus (not part of the testis), ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct and the urethra |
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describe the scrotum: |
contains 2 testes, each suspended by a spermatic cord. |
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why does one testis hang lower than the other? |
so they don't knock together when running |
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what do the testes produce? where do they lie? What are they surrounded by? |
sperm and hormones: produce sperm, testosterone, and inhibin. lie in the scrotum, outside the body surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule, the tunica albuginea |
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where are the spermatic cords? where do they run between? what is significant about these, for a doctor? |
one on each side in the scrotum - suspend each testis - run between the abdomen and the testis - very dense, so can palpate
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what do the spermatic cords contain? |
Vas deferens, blood vessels - testicular arteries and veins, nerves, lymphatics to get rid of waste |
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describe testicular cancer: how to improve the prognosis?
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testicular cancer commonly affects young men aged 20-45. early detection improves prognosis, outcome of treatment - self examination is useful and lumps should never be ignored, 80% of the time is not cancer, but when it is, and picked up early it can be operated on and have no long-term health complications |
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describe testicular torsion? |
because testes hang down via spermatic cords, which contain the testicular blood supply, can get testicular torsion if the testes twist around - blood supply cut off - testes swell and turn blue. only have ~15 minutes before you do serious damage |
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what is the relationship between testes, SNFT, and lobules? |
testes have lobules, these lobules are made up of seminiferous tubules |
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What comes next after the SNFT? |
tubules join to form the rete testis, which joins to form DUCTULES leading to the epididymus |
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Cells: SNFT |
- Outside the SNFT have Leydig cells. these secrete testosterone
Inside: - Spermatogenic cells: these progress at puberty to become sperm, these are the sperm and the cells that make the sperm - Sertoli cells: these are the nurse cells that support spermatogenic cells: supports sperm production, also produces inhibin |
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Blood supply to the SNFT: |
all blood supply is outside the SNFT |
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describe the cell behaviour and location inside the seminiferous tubules: |
Sertoli cells are quite large, they run from the basement membrane to the inside of the SNFT Spermatogenic cells start near the basement membrane (near outside of SNFT) and move towards lumen as they mature. Spermatozoa in the lumen look like sperm but are not fully functional |
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How do sertoli cells relate to fertility? what would happen if you didn't have sertoli cells? |
this is because each sertoli cell can support a defined number of sperm cells, so increase sertoli, increase fertility. Without sertoli cells - can make early - stage sperm but they could not mature - infertile |
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describe the epididymus, and the path of sperm to it |
the epididymus has 3 regions - the sperm enter the epididymus via the reti testis and the ductules, and exit via the vas deferens. |
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what is the function of the epididymus? |
site of sperm maturation. attains ability to fertilise an egg, attains motility/ ability to swim |
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sperm motility in the head, body, and tail of the epididymus? |
head - NO MOTILITY body - some, swim in circles tail - motility, sperm can move in a forward direction |
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describe the vas deferens |
the vas deferens lies in the spermatic cord, covered by smooth muscle, very muscular, this is because testes hang down low and sperm must be pumped up behind the bladder! - vas deferens runs BEHIND the urinary bladder - joins with seminal vesicle to become the ejaculatory duct - joins with urethra - can move down penis to be ejaculated - dilates to form an ampulla at its distal end |
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path of sperm? |
SNFT - epididymus - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - through male sex accessory organs - out through urethra |
