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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hormone converts granulosa and theca cells into lutein cells (corpus luteum)?
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LH
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What 2 hormones are abundantly produced by the corpus luteum?
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Progesterone and estradiol.
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FSH causes an increase of which type of hormone receptor in the follicular phase?
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LH
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The cells of the corpus luteum have an increased capacity to synthesize which conversion product?
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Pregnenolone (from cholesterol), the rate limiting step governed by LH.
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The cells of the corpus luteum have a limited capacity to synthesize which conversion product?
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Androstenedione (Cholesterol --> Pregnenolone --> Progesterone --> Androstenedione). Progesterone will get backed up.
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What hormone will "save" the corpus luteum from luteolysis?
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Human chorionic gonadotropin produced by a fertilized embryo.
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What hormone dominates the proliferative phase of the endometrium?
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Estradiol.
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What phase of the menstrual cycle coincides with proliferation of the endometrium?
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Follicular phase.
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Describe 3 changes in the endometrium during the proliferative phase.
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1) Stromal and endothelial layers thicken.
2) Spiral arteries form. 3) Receptors for progesterone and estrogen are upregulated. |
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What hormone dominates the secretory phase of the endometrium?
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Progesterone.
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What phase of the menstrual cycle coincides with the secretory phase of the endometrium?
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Luteal phase.
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What do endometrial glands secrete during the secretory phase?
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Carbohydrate-rich mucous.
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What happens to hormone levels during the menstrual phase?
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FSH begins a slow rise as progesterone declines and estrogen levels are low.
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In the late follicular/ovulation phase, what changes in the cervical mucus occur due to increased estrogen?
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Becomes less viscous and more watery to allow promote survival and transport of sperm.
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What hormone dominates during the second half of the follicular phase?
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Estradiol.
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What hormone dominates the vagina during the luteal phase?
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Progesterone.
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What hormone does the dominant follicle produce?
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Estradiol.
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During menopause, decreased sensitivity to what two hormones occurs in the follicle?
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FSH and LH.
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What is the dominant estrogen in menopausal women?
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Estrone - E1.
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For menopausal women, a loss of estradiol and inhibin causes ________.
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a huge increase in FSH and LH due to a loss of negative feedback from estradiol
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Name 5 consequences of menopause.
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1) Osteoporosis
2) Cardiovascular disease - atherosclerosis. 3) Decreased breast mass 4) Hot flashes 5) Thinning of vaginal epithelium |
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What is primary amenorrhea?
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Absence of menses caused by Turner's syndrome, Testicular feminization, hormonal disorders in any endocrine organ.
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What is secondary amenorrhea?
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Cessation of menstruation for more than 6 months usually caused by pregnancy, lactation, and menopause. Hyper-prolactinemia (pituitary tumor, hypothalamic disorders) will inhibit GnRH pulses and decrease LH and FSH.
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What is oligomenorrhea?
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Infrequent periods with cycles greater than 35 days. Usually caused by abnormal GnRH release from hypothalamus due to stress, illness, intense excercise, or extreme weight loss.
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What is dysmenorrhea?
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Painful menses related to uterine contractions.
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How do you treat dysmenorrhea?
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Prostaglandin inhibitors, oral contraceptives.
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What is hirsutism?
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Excessive hair growth in females cuased by excessive adrenal androgen production - adrenal hyperplasia or Cushing's syndrome.
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What is virilization?
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Hirsutism plus clitoral hypertrophy, deepening voice, temporal balding, male pattern muscle development caused by excessive androgen production.
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