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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In all species, what 2 branches does the internal iliac artery divide into?
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Caudal gluteal & internal pudendal arteries
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Once the umbilical artery reaches the bladder, what does it become?
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Cranial vesical artery
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All of the vessels of the pelvic viscera are paired, except which one?
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Median sacral artery
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What are the 2 major branches of the internal pudendal artery?
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Vaginal/prostatic artery & artery of the clitoris/penis
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What does the vaginal/prostatic artery branch into?
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Uterine/artery of the ductus deferens; caudal vesical; & middle rectal arteries
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What does the artery of the clitoris/penis branch into?
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Artery of the penile bulb; deep artery of the penis; & dorsal artery of the penis.
(Clitoris has similar, but MUCH smaller branches--not impt!) |
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What nerves arise from the pudendal nerve?
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Caudal rectal nerve, perineal nerves and dorsal nerve of the clitoris/penis
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What is the sympathetic nerve supply of the pelvic viscera?
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Hypogastric nerves (from caudal mesenteric plexus)
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What is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the pelvic viscera?
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Pelvic nerves (from sacral spinal cord)
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What is the pelvic plexus?
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Where fibers from the parasympathetic and sympathetic mix and follow arteries to targets. Supplies repro stuff, bladder and descending colon.
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T/F: The significance of the inguinal canal is limited to the reproductive system.
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FALSE. The inguinal canal's significance is NOT limited to the reproductive system.
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What structures pass through the inguinal canal in BOTH sexes? What additional structure passes through in the male?
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Genitofemoral nerve, external pudendal a&v, and vaginal process in both. The spermatic cord also passes in males.
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What ligaments make up the broad ligament? What do they support?
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Mesovarium-supports ovaries
Mesosalpinx-supports uterine tubes Mesometrium-supports uterine horns, body and cervix Round ligament of the uterus |
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What forms the ovarian bursa?
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Mesovarium and mesosalpinx
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What does the abdominal ostium allow?
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It's a small slit on the medial side of the ovarian bursa opening to the abdominal cavity. It allows the edges of the fimbria to poke through it.
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Which species can store a lot of fat in its mesosalpinx, thus obscuring the ovary?
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Bitches got fat uteruses :)
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Other than the mesovarium, what ligaments help support the ovary?
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Suspensory ligament of the ovary (from dorsal body wall to cranial ovarian pole) & proper ligament of the ovary (from caudal ovarian pole to tip of uterine horn)
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What are the three parts of the uterine tube?
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Infundibulum, ampulla & isthmus.
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What is the cervical canal bordered by?
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Cranially-internal uterine os
Caudally-external uterine os |
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Which part of the female reproductive tract performs reproductive AND urinary functions?
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Vestibule
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Do all species have a vestibular bulb?
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No. Just female canines.
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What is the urethral tubercle? What does it designate?
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Small elevation in the floor of the vestibule where the urethra opens. It designates the end of the vagina and start of the vestibule.
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What are the parts of the vulva? What do they look like?
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Dorsal commissure-usually, more rounded
Ventral commissure-usually, more pointed |
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What houses the clitoris? Where does it reside?
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Fossa clitoridis. In the ventral vulvar commissure, ventral to ischial arch
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What is the function of the epididymis?
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The storage and maturation of sperm
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What accessory sex gland does the ductus deferens pass through to enter the urethra?
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Prostate gland
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What is the term for the mesenteric fold between the ampullae?
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Genital fold
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What are the components that make up the spermatic cord?
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-Testicular a. & v.
-Lymphatic vessels -Nerves -Ductus deferens |
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What is the proper ligament of the testis?
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Gubernacular remnant between the tail of the epididymus and the testis
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What is the ligament of the tail of the epididymis?
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Gubernacular remnant between the tail of the epididymus and the scrotum
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T/F: The testes never enter the peritoneal cavity or the vaginal process.
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TRUE
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Cutting through which of the vaginal tunics would result in entering the peritoneal cavity?
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The parietal vaginal tunic
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What are the mesenteries of the spermatic cord? What do they support?
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-Mesoductus deferens-supports ductus deferens
-Mesorchium-supports all other spermatic cord components |
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What are the three parts of the male urethra? Which part has the widest lumen? Which part is covered by the urethralis muscle?
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Prostatic, Pelvic and Penile Urethra. The pelvic urethra is the widest and covered by the urethralis muscle.
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What is the only accessory sex gland in dogs?
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Prostate gland
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Where is the urethral crest located? What opens into it?
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Dorsal part of the prostatic urethra. Multiple prostatic ducts open into it.
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Where is the colliculus seminalis located? What opens into it?
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Midway along urethral crest. The ductus deferens open on each side of it.
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T/F: Only the glans penis is exeriorized from prepuce upon erection.
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FALSE. Parts of the body of the penis are also exteriorized.
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What are the erectile tissues of the penis? What are their locations?
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CCP-dorsal to urethral, surrounded by tunica albugenia, "crus"
CSP-surrounds the urethra CSG-in the glans |
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What are the special parts of the canine glans?
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Bulbus glandis and pars longa glandis
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What does the urethralis muscle surround?
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Pelvic urethra
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What is the function of the ischiourethralis muscle?
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ESSENTIAL for erection. Compresses dorsal veins of the penis and causes blood to pool in cavernous tissue.
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What does the ischiocavernosus muscle cover?
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The crura of the penis
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What does the bulbospongiosus muscle cover?
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The PENILE bulb
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What is the function of the retractor penis muscle? What makes it special?
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It assists in replacement of the penis back into the prepuce after erection. It's SMOOTH muscle.
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Which erectile tissue does the artery of the penile bulb supply?
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CSP
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Which erectile tissue does the deep artery of the penis supply?
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CCP
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Which erectile tissue does the dorsal artery of the penis supply?
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CSG
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What comprises the "free part of the penis"?
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Distal part of the penile body, ALL of the glans
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What is the preputial fornix?
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Part of the prepuce where the internal layer reflects back upon the glans
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What is unique about the Tom's testis? What other species shares this characteristic?
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It's positioned OBLIQUELY within the scrotum. The boar.
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What are the BUGS?
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Bulbourethral glands lie by the level of the ischial arch, covered by the bulbospongiosus muscle. They open into the last part of the pelvic urethra.
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What's unique about the Tom's penis? Why is it like that?
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It has keratinized spines on its glans. They are needed to induce ovulation in the queen.
Also, the tom's glans and urethral opening are directed caudoventrally when non-erect. |
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Which sex of a kitten would have the greater anogenital distance?
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Male. "Leaves room" for scrotum
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What pelvic viscera is supplied by the vaginal artery?
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Vagina, uterus, middle rectal, ureter,urethra, urinary bladder (by caudal vesical)
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What pelvic viscera is supplied by the prostatic artery?
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Prostate gland, ductus deferens, middle rectal (absent in bull & boar), ureter, urethra, urinary bladder (caudal vesical)
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What branches does the "continuation" of the internal pudendal provide?
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-Caudal rectal a.
-Ventral perineal a. -Dorsal labial/scrotal -Artery of the clitoris/penis |
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What female species would rectal palpation be most difficult due to the far cranial position of the ovaries?
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The mare
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What's unique about the mare's ovary?
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It has an ovulation fossa--the only place where the ovary releases oocytes.
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What type of cervix does the mare have?
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Longitudinal folds of ONLY mucosa--no muscle!
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What is the special name given to the urethral tubercle in the mare, ruminants and sow?
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Urethral FOLD
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During what time would "winking" of the mare's clitoris be observed?
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Estrus
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What species has their testis oriented horizontally within the scrotum?
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The dog and stallion
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Describe the accessory sex glands of the stallion.
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-Prostate-shaped like a butterfly, entire gland is body, no disseminate
-Vesicular glands-hollow, elongated; opens into colliculus seminalis -BUGS-covered by bulbospongiosus muscle, opens into last part of pelvic urethra |
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What is different about the bulbospongiosus muscle in the stallion?
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It extends all the way to the glans
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What are the 3 special features of the stallion glans penis?
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-Urethral process-part of urethra that projects through the fossa glandis
-Fossa glandis-"moat" around distal tip of glans -Urethral sinus-dorsally located cavity originating in the fossa glandis ("bean" forms here) |
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What are the two features of the stallion's double layered prepuce? Describe them.
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-Preputial ring-internal part, hairless skin, mobile
-Preputial orifice-external part, part of the body wall skin, haired skin, fixed in place |
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What additional arteries do stallions have because of their giant penis?
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Middle artery of the penis & cranial artery of the penis
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What is the intercornual ligament?
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Mesentery between the two uterine horns. One dorsal and one ventral in the cow.
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What is the only part of the cow's uterus that can contribute to the placenta?
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Caruncles--a fixed number of them (only grow larger, don't multiply)
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What are the cotyledons and placentomes?
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-Cotyledons-FETAL contribution to placenta
-Placentomes-functional unit of BOTH caruncles and cotyledons |
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What kind of cervix do ruminants have?
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Very thick; transverse, interlocking folds of mucosa & MUSCLE
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What do female ruminants and sows have in their vestibule that other species do not?
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Suburethral diverticulum
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What species have vertically oriented testis within the scrotum?
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Bull, buck and ram (ruminants)
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What species have the proportionally largest testis?
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Small ruminants
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On which side of the testis is the epididymis located in ruminants?
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Medial side
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What's different about the prostate gland in ruminants?
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The disseminate part in the bull is the largest part, so body is SMALL.
The ram and buck have the disseminate part only, NO body! |
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What species have solid, lobated vesicular glands?
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Bull, ram, buck, boar
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Which species have fibroelastic penises?
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Bull, buck, ram, boar
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What causes the increase in length of fibroelastic type penises?
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The effacement of the sigmoid flexure
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What's unique about the bull penis (HINT: what does the "free part" do)?
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The free part of the penis is twisted to the RIGHT
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What species have really long urethral processes?
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Ram and Buck
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What species has an erectile protuberance? Where is it located?
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The ram. On the LEFT side of the distal penile body
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What part of the sow's reproductive tract resembles the jejunum?
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The uterine horns--VERY long and twisty
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What type of cervix do sow's have?
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Spirally arranged interdigitating transverse folds (matches corkscrew-shaped boar penis)
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What is unique about the boar's ductus deferens?
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It has no ampulla
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T/F: The boar's prostate gland is very small and mostly disseminate.
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TRUE
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What accessory sex gland of the boar is very large and resembles the bladder?
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Vesicular glands
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The BUGS in the boar are HUGE and therefore the bulbospongiosus muscle covering them are given a special name. What is it?
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Bulboglandularis muscle
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What's different about the prepuce of the boar?
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It has a preputial diverticulum. Stinky stuff collects there and can resemble an umbilical hernia.
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What is the blood supply of the mammary glands in the bitch, queen and sow? (aka litter-bearers)
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-Cranial superficial epigastric a&v (via internal thoracic a&v)
-Caudal superficial epigastric a&v (via external pudendal a&v) |
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What is the lymphatic drainage of the mammary glands in the bitch, queen and sow? (aka litter-bearers)
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Cranially:
-axillary and sternal LNs Caudally: -superficial inguinal LN |
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Which species has 2 mammary glands? Which has 4?
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Mare, Doe, Ewe have 2 glands. Cow has 4 glands.
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How many teats per mammary gland are present in ALL species?
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ONE
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T/F: Males also have mammary glands.
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FALSE. Males may have teats, but no mammary glands.
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What are the special names of the external pudendal a&v branches that supply the udder in the mare, cow, doe and ewe? (those that carry udder in inguinal region)
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-Cranial mammary a&v (old caudal superficial epigastric)
-Caudal mammary a&v (old ventral labial) |
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What is "THE" lymph node of udder bearing species?
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Mammary LN "aka" superficial inguinal LN
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T/F: The four mammary glands of the cow are not entirely separated internally.
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FALSE. Yes they are!
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What does the intermammary groove separate? What does it indicate?
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It divides the left and right sides of the udder. It indicates the attachment of the middle suspensory ligament
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What's unique about the cow's teat ostium?
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It has a muscular sphincter
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T/F: Accessory teats are common in the cow, but rare in the mare.
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TRUE
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The right and left medial sheets of CT unite to form what structure of the cow udder?
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Middle suspensory ligament of the udder
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What's the difference between the medial and lateral suspensory apparatuses in the cow udder? (HINT: what are they made of?)
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The medial pair is elastic and the lateral pair is less elastic and more collagenous
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What additional arterial features allow the cow to compensate for such a large udder?
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Cows have an "extra" artery--the middle mammary a&v. They have a sigmoid curve to allow "sagging" of udder without compromising blood flow.
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What special venous adaptation allow the cow to compensate for such a large udder?
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The venous ring at the base of the udder has no valves, which allows continued venous drainage even when cow lays down and compresses udder.
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After the cow's first lactation, the cranial and caudal superficial epigastric veins join, their valves become incompetent and the name of the vein changes to what?
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The milk vein
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What does the milk vein drain into?
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The CRANIAL vena cava, via the internal thoracic vein
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What is the name of the milk vein BEFORE the cow's first lactation?
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Subcutaneous abdominal vein
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How many lactiferous units per mammary gland do each of the species have?
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-Bitch, queen, sow--MULTIPLE
-Mare- 2 per gland -Cow, Doe, Ewe- 1 per gland |
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How many teat ostia per teat do each of the species have?
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-Bitch, queen, sow--MANY
-Mare- 2 per teat -Cow, Doe, Ewe- 1 per teat |
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How many mammary glands do each of the species have?
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-Bitch & queen- 5-6 PAIRS
-Sow- 7 PAIRS -Mare, doe, ewe- 2 glands -Cow- 4 glands |
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What is the main blood supply of the ewe and doe udders?
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Branches from the external pudendal only, no large development of the SQ milk vein
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In what species does the male usually have two teats?
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Sheep
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What species has a relatively large udder, longer and thicker teats than the cow, large teat cisterns, and hair on their teats?
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Doe
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Which species has wool on their udder and fine hairs on their teats?
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Ewe
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In carnivores, what is the CCP replaced by in the glans penis?
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The os penis
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