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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
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21-hydroxylase problem (chol --> cortisol) --> low cortisol and shut products to give excess testosterone/androgens
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Turner's Syndrome
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abnormality in or absense of 1 X (45X or 46XX/45X)
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Carcinoma of the Prostate (CAP)
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age, family hx, race (increased in AA; decreased in asians), PIN (prostatic intranuclear neoplasia - a morphologic precursor lesion); prognosis based on gleason score >7, lymph node metastases, seminal vesicle invasion, extensive capsular penetration, positive margins
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pseudomyxoma peritonei
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almost never ovarian in origin, associated mucinous tumor of the appendix or GI tract, NOT associated with rupture of ovarian tumors or with high stage mucinous borderline tumors
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sex cord stromal tumors
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arise from stromal cells (granulosa-stromal cell tumors vs. thecoma-fibroma group)
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Germ cell Tumors
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arise from the oocyte (dysgerminoma, endodermal sinus tumors, immature teratoma, mixed, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma)
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post-partum breast infections
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associated with breast feeding
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ascending infections of placenta
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bacterial (GBS, E. Coli, Enterococcus, Ureaplasma), sometimes candida or herpes
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intraductal paplloma
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benign epithelial tumor
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fibroadenoma
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benign stromal
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phyllodes tumor
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benign stromal
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benign cystadenoma
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benign surface epithelial tumor (look like big empty cyst on ultrasound)
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endometrial polyps
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focal, localized hyperplasia of basal endometriym
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Endometriosis
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genetic (MZ>DZ), increased exposure to menstruation (longer durtaion, increased reteorgrade, cervical stenosis)
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germ cell testicular tumors
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genetic (short chr12 - stem cell genes), cryptorchidism (undescended testes), family history, intersex syndromes, infertilut
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Premature Ovarian Failure
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genetic (turner syndrome), autoimmune, metabolic, infectious (mumps orchitis), iatrogenic exposures (chemo or radiation)
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Mature Cystic Teratoma
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germ cell tumor
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Dysgerminoma
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germ cell tumor
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Lower Gential Tract Infection
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gonorrhea, chlamydia
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Infective Salpingitis
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Gonorrhea, chlamydia (ascending salpingitis), anaerobic bact, mycoplasma hominis, h. influenzae, group A strep
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breast cancer
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hereditary, sporadic; BRCA1 (20-40%; AD tumor suppressor gene on Ch.7 w/ roles in genomic stability + homologous gene repair), BRCA2 (10-30%), TP53/PTEN, undiscovered genes
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fibrocystic changes
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hormonal effects, benign
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Leiomyoma
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hormones (enlarge during pregnancy, regress after menopause), abnormal gene expression to retain high sensitivity to E; accelerated growth with tamoxifen
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cervical cancer
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HPV viral E6/E7 genes cause cellular transformation and integrate into host DNA (risk for persistance increases when integrated), peristance needed for cancer progression (disrupt cell death pathways)
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galactorrhea
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hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea (prolactinoma, drugs); if present with normoprolactinemia/regular menses, excess sensitivity of breast to prolactin?
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dyspnea of pregnancy
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hyperventilation (decreased PCO2, increase PO2 to increase maternal O2 consumption); awareness of increased tidal volume of pregnancy
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Ectopic Pregnancy
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implant outside of uterine cavity (tube, ovary, abdominal cavity); most common in ampulla (perotineal surface congested, lumen contains blood)
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Epithelial Tumors
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incessant ovulation (uninterrupted periods of ovulation lead to ovarian surface trauma, metaplasia, and eventual carcinogenesis); excess gonadotropins (excessive estrogen exposure causes hyperplasia of ovarian surface epithelium that over time leads to carcinogenesis)
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endometrial hyperplasia
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increased unopposed E
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Chlamydia
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intracellular parasite o f hyumans (small, gram - bacilli; trachoma or LGV); infectious elementary bodies
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borderline carcinoma
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low malignant potential surface epithelial tumor (little lump of tissue in cyst on ultrasound; staged similarly to invasive ovarian cancer)
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ovarian carcinoma (invasive cystoadenocarcinomas)
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malignant surface epithelial tumor
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retroplacental hematoma/abruption
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maternal HTN, vessels with lesions in wall
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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morph: nodular transition zone enlargement; stromal hyperplasia at 1st periurethral mesenchymal nodules (fetal stroma); both glands/stroma become hyperplastic; 30-50% have chronic prostatitis
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Gonorrhea
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N. gonorrhoeae (intracellular gram - diplococci; fastidious organism; grows on chocolate agar + CO2)
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necrotizing enterocolitis
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not sure, but likely due to immaturity of gut immune system, initiation of oral feedings, gut colonization with bacteria, ischemic injury
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placental implantation abnormalities
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outside of uterus ectopic pregnancy or in the internal os of the uterus (placenta previa) or into myometrium (placenta accreta b/c too thin decidua)
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endometrial adenocarcinoma type 2
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p53 mutation
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gynecomastia
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physiological (transient gynecomastia of the newborn, transient breast enlargement at puberty, of elderly); pathological (reudced androgen/estrogen production)
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sheehan's syndrome
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pituitary susceptible to decreased blood flow due to increased size during pregnancy
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polycystic ovarian syndrome (stein-leventhal syndrome)
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polygenetic inheritance: sex hormone and hormone regulators, steroid metabolism and biosynthesis, proteins involved in type 2 diabetes, CVD, proteins in inflamatory process
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paget's disease of the nipple
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presence of an underlying breast cancer (in situ or invasive)
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Kallman Syndrome
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pre-testicular infertility cause, dectect in GnRH
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endometrial adenocarcinoma type I
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PTEn, K-ras mut, microsatellite instability; UNOPPOSED ESTROGEN
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breast hypoplasia/amastia
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secondary to biopsy, chest wall trauma, thoracic radiation in childhood
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supernumary nipples/polymastia
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secondary to incomplete regression of milk streak
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vertical fusion defects
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septums (interruptions in vagina)
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ovarian fibroma
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sex cord stromal tumor
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Intraventricular hemorrhage
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subependymal germinal matrix (source of most neurons in brain, exhausted by 34 wks, poor fibrous support, thin vessels with relatively low flow)
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traumatic fat necrosis
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temporarily related to trauma
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Syphilis
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treponema pallidum
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partial hydatitform mole
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triploid (XXY - ovum + 2 sperm or 1 sperm w/ double DNA)
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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upper gential tract infection; chronic salpingitis w/ involvement of surrounding tissues including ovary + parametrium; remissions and exacerbations; difficult to eliminate
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hematogenous infections of placenta
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usually viral (CMV, rubella), but can also be bacterial (syphillis, Tb, Listeria), toxoplasmosis
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mullerian agensis (mayer rolostansky-kuster-hauser syndrome)
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vertical fusion defect; gene candidates with anti-mullerian hormone, WNT4, Hox9-11,13; normal female karyotype
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complete hydatidiform mole
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XX (both paternal origin; egg lost chromosomes so dad contributes both),
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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XXY
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