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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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necrotizing enterocolitis
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abdominal distress, tenderness, ileus (bowel obstruction), diarrhea, GI bleeding, pneuomatosis intestinalis (bacteria in lumen grow in bowel wall, gas bubbles form in wall); complications include perforation, peritonitis, sepsis and shock; strictures, short bowel syndrome, malaborption (late)
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endometrial polyps
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abnormal bleeding
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endometrial hyperplasia
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abnormal bleeding; Classification: simple (more glands, decreased stroma, branching, nuclei similar to nomal); complex (more glands, very irregular, nuclei similar to normal), w/ atypia (loss of normal nuclear polarity, enlarged rounded nuclei with coars chromatin/prominent nucleoli). can be typical or atypical AND simple or complex; atypia + complex = adenomatous)
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mullerian agensis (mayer rolostansky-kuster-hauser syndrome)
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amenorrhea, normal ovarian function sexual devo; associated with kidney and skeletal abnormalities
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ovarian fibroma
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associated with meig's syndrome (ascites and pleural effusion accompanying ovarian fibroma) vs. gorlin's syndrome (nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome - multiple fibromas)
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Y-chromo microde3letion in AZF
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AZFa (uniform azoospermia; sertoli cells only); AZFb (immature sperm devo), AZFc (contain deleted in azoospermia; can retrieve some sperm and have oligozoospermia)
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Lower Gential Tract Infection
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can lead to PID
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Infective Salpingitis
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canalicular spread from lower --> upper gential tract (through cervical/endomterial cavity into fallopian tubes BUT starts as a mucosal infection)
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lobular carcinoma in situ
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carcinoma cells in position, microscopic entity, no clinical manifestations (no dystrophic calcifications)
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Chlamydia
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cellular destruction w/ host immune response (neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma); common reinfection (no immunity, vigorious inflammatory response, tissue damage leading to visual loss/sterility); M: non-gonococcal urethritis, epididymitis; W: cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, infertility
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Epithelial Tumors
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classified by differentiated cell type (serous, mucinous, endometroid, clera cell, transitional cell, squamous, mixed, undifferentiated) vs. biologic malignancy - MOST IMPORTANT (benign; low malignant potential/borderline, malignant)
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ductal carcinoma in situ
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cluster of calcifications on mammography (can remove with core biopsy to leave a black hole; leaves clip to localize site)
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metastatic ovarian tumors
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common metastasis sites: colon, pancreas, gallbladder, stomach, cervix
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placental infarct
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compromises delivery of O2/nutrients to fetus
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Kallman Syndrome
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craniofacial defects, maldescent, anosmia (failure of GnRH neurons to migrate from olfactory placode to hypothalamus)
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paget's disease of the nipple
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crusting and ulceration of the nipple
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fibrocystic changes
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cyclic pain/tenderness, palpable mass, abnormal mammograms, mass or calcifications (some are risk markers for cancer)
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dyspnea of pregnancy
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diagnosis of exclusion
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respiratory distress syndrome - hyaline membrane disease
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difficulty breathing 30' after birth, crackles on lung exam, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, metabolic acidosis
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partial hydatitform mole
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embryo is present but abnormal and not viable through term, rarely followed by choriocarcinoma
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Endometriosis
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endometrial tissue (glands/stroma) outside of uterine cavity; often in pelvic peritoneum + ovaries; Sx: 2ndry dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia,pelvic pain, infertility, pelvic mass, ascites; unusual locations have Sx of hemoptysis (coughing blood), rectal bleeding, hematuria, bowel obstruction, uterual obstruction; correlate with menstrual cycle
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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enometritus, salpingitis (fallopian tubes), oophoritis (ovary);
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gynecomastia
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excessive devo of male mammary glands (fibrous and ductal tissue)
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retroplacental hematoma/abruption
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fetal death, placental abruption
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sex cord stromal tumors
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granulosa stromal cells (12%, most malig/all have malig potential, late recurrance locally, rare metastasis, 60-90% 10 yr survival
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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gynecomastia, increased FSH, hyalinazed small testes
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traumatic fat necrosis
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hard mass that must be distinguished from cancer
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choriocarcinoma
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highly malignant, rapidly invasive and widely metastasizing
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pre-eclampsia
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HTN, edema, proteinuria (abnormal renal fxn) (Sx cease post preg)
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breast cancer
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In situ carcinoma (ductal/DCIS or lobular/LCIS; cells in position, microscopic entity, lacks capacity to spread, benign) vs. invasive carcinoma
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Kartagener Syndrome
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infertility in males (in not females)
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Leiomyoma
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intramural, subserosal, submucosal; pelvic mass, pelvic/abdom pain, infertility, spontaneous abortions, uterine enlargement, abnormal bleeding (thinning of endometrium over), painful menses
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pseudomyxoma peritonei
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jelly belly, thick mucinous fluid fliing the abdominal cavity
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sheehan's syndrome
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lack of postpartum milk production may be the first sign
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Hypogonadism
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male infertility with defective spermatogenesis (azoospermia/none vs. oligozoospermia/very little)
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invasive ductal carcinoma
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mass, carcinoma cells no long in situ, can spread, potentially lethal
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borderline carcinoma
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may be associated with extraovarian lesions on perioneal surfaces, omentum, and lymph nodes; NO INVASION; more epithelial proliferation and atypia than with benign tumors; extraovarian lesions: implants (not metastasis; independent primary perotineal tumors) that can be classified as invasive (benign) or non-invasive (low-grade carcinoma)
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supernumary nipples/polymastia
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more than 2 breasts
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polycystic ovarian syndrome (stein-leventhal syndrome)
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multiple follcies/cysts in 1 ovary; acanthosis nigricans
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intraductal paplloma
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nipple bleeding discharge
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complete hydatidiform mole
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no embryo dev; 4th or 5th mo. of pregnancy see vaginal bleeding, rapid enlargement of uterus, passive of grape-like tissue masses (swell to form), more frequently followed by choriocarcinoma
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Syphilis
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open sore or chancre
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Carcinoma of the Prostate (CAP)
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peripheral zone; Gross: firm posterior nodule on digital rectal exam, yellow-tan and compact.
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RDS - bronchopulmonary dysplasia
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persistance of respiratory distress for up to 3-6 mo or more.
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galactorrhea
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persistant discharge of milk in the absence of parturition, discharge in non-nursing mother >6 mo. post partum
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endometrial adenocarcinoma type 2
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post menopausal; develops from intraepithelial carincoma, aggressive
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endometrial adenocarcinoma type I
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pre or post-menopausal; develops from atypical hyperplasia, indolent
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
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precocious puberty and premature secondary sexual characteristics, often infertile b/c gonadotrophs supressed and normal testicular maturation impaired; increased ACTH for teseticular adrenal rest tumors (bilaterral)
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ascending infections of placenta
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premature onset of labor; causes chorioamnionitis (cloudy, yellow-green inflamed membranes), funisitis, sepsis in baby (also amnionitic fluid infection, choriodecidual infection, etc)
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Krukenberg tumor
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primary site: stomach, breast
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germ cell testicular tumors
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seminoma (homogenous, large cells w/ prominent nucleoli, cytoplasmic clearing, can illicit an immune response, fried egg); non-seminoma: embryonal (pleomorphic nuclei), teratoma (differentiate to other structures/organs), yolk sac tumor (vaculoated cytoplasm, makes AFP), choriocarcioma (syncytiotrophoblastic, makes hCG), in situ germ cell neoplasia (funny cells in tubules, makes placental alkaline phosphatase in ISGCN)
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benign cystadenoma
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serous (ciliated epith tubes similar to lining of tube) vs. mucinous (cells w/ intracytoplasmic mucin similar to endocervical or intestinal cells)
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placental implantation abnormalities
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severe bleeding and fetal/maternal death
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primary perotineal cancer
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similar course/appearance as ovarian cancer grossly; microscopically looks like ovarian adenocarcinoma wiht minimal to no involvement of the ovarian stroma
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Mature Cystic Teratoma
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sometimes malignant transformation of mature teratoma (squamous cell carcinoma)
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ovarian carcinoma (invasive cystoadenocarcinomas)
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Staging: I - confined to the ovaries (a - 1, b - both, c - surface involvement), II - spread to tubes, uterus, or other pelvic organs; III - lymph node metastasis, spread outside of pelvis/to omentum, IV - distant metastasis; Sx include asymptomatic mass, abdominal swelling/pain, aurinary frequency, weight change, dyspepsia
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Germ cell Tumors
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Sx. rapid growth, 10% with acute abdomen (rupture, torsion, hemorrhage), account for 25% in pregnancy, abnormal period, 60-70% present stage 1
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cervical cancer
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transformation zone (squamocolumnar junction: 1st site of neoplastic lesions, low grade w/ reversible potential, takes months to become bad; different spots in yng vs. old) --> gradual progression from CIN1 to CIN3 (or mild dysplasia --> moderate dysplasia --> severe dysplasia --> carcinoma in situ)
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Ectopic Pregnancy
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Tubal abortion (expelled from fibrial end); tubal hemorrahage (can not buffer trophoblastic invasion of vessels); tubal rupture (about 50% , can lead to an intraabdominal hemorrhage)
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
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urethral compression, difficulty starting/stopping urine stream, bladder dilation, musclar thickening of bladder wall (trabeculated hypertrophy of bladder muscle), urine stasis, cystistis
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Gonorrhea
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urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, PID, proctitis, conjuctivitis, pharyngitis, bacteremia, mucopurulent discharge
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hematogenous infections of placenta
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villitis (infection, inflammation of villi)
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Testosterone Supplementation
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worsens spermatogenesis
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