Repro - Chapter 82, Pregnancy; Watson; Kek

Front 1

what part of the fertilized egg secretes the hormone, __________ that is tested in pregnancy tests? how soon can a woman test positive?

Back 1

blastocyst (6-8 cells) secrete hCG; can be detected within 8 days of conception

Front 2

after the blastocyst, what part of the fertilized egg secretes hCG?

Back 2

syncytiotrophoblasts

Front 3

in what part of the female reproductive tract does fertilization occur?

Back 3

ampulla of the fallopian tube

Front 4

when do the 2 parts of meiosis occur?

Back 4

1st meiosis occurs at ovulation releasing a secondary oocyte with loss of polar body. the second meiosis occurs at fertilization with loss of the second polar body and creation of a female pronucleus. (the granulosa cells had secreted an inhibitory substance blocking meiosis until fertilization occurs)

Front 5

it takes ____ number of days to go from zygote (blastocyst) to implant in the uterus. what hormones do what to faciliate the passage?

Back 5

3-5 days; rising progesterone (P4) relaxes the fallopian tube isthmus to allow passage.

Front 6

In regard to the growth/development of a zygote, what happens at Day 0?

Back 6

Fertilization by sperm initiating embryogenesis

Front 7

In regard to the growth/development of a fetus, what happens within week 1?

Back 7

implantation (as a blastocyst)

Front 8

In regard to the growth/development of a fetus, what happens within week 2?

Back 8

bilaminar disk (epiblast:hypoblast)

Front 9

In regard to the growth/development of a fetus, what happens within week 3?

Back 9

GASTRULATION;primitive streak, notochord, and neural plate begin to form

Front 10

In regard to the growth/development of a fetus, what happens within weeks 3-8?

Back 10

neural tube is formed. ORGANOGENESIS (extremely susceptible to teratogens)

Front 11

In regard to the growth/development of a fetus, what happens within week 4?

Back 11

heart begins to beat: 4 chambers in week 4; upper and lower limb buds begin to form

Front 12

In regard to the growth/development of a fetus, what happens within week 8?

Back 12

fetal movement; fetus looks like a baby

Front 13

In regard to the growth/development of a fetus, what happens within week 10?

Back 13

genitalia have male/female characteristics

Front 14

name the order of of development from a fertilized ovum to a fetus.

Back 14

haploid egg and sperm make a diploid zygote -> morula -> blastocyst -> embryo -> fetus

Front 15

what are the functions of hCG?

Back 15

comes from the syncytiotrophoblasts; maintain the corpus luteum beyond normal lifespan; stimulates progesterone and E2; stimulates essential DHEA-S in fetal zone of adrenal gland; hCG receptors in the endometrium and myometrium can inhibit contractions produced by oxytocin; immunosuppressant

Front 16

name the cells that develop over the implanting blastocyst that release proteolytic enzymes that digest the endometrium and ad in implantation; also gives rise to placenta?

Back 16

Trophoblast cells

Front 17

when does the placenta start functioning?

Back 17

starts functioning about 16 days beyond fertilization (7 days after implantation)

Front 18

explain the double Bohr effect.

Back 18

hemoglobin can carry more oxygen at a low PCO2 than at a high PCO2.

Front 19

how does oxygen get to the fetus and what is special about fetal hemoglobin?

Back 19

O2 diffuses by simple diffusion driven by oxygen pressure gradient of about 20mmHg; fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

Front 20

progesterone is responsible for what in terms of pregnancy and respiration?

Back 20

progesterone (P4) causes the mother to increase respirations to blow off the CO2 that the fetus is now creating

Front 21

what is DHEA and what is its purpose in the fetus?

Back 21

it is the precusor for androgens and estrogens ; in the fetus' adrenal glands DHEA is produced and when it gets to the placenta is converted to estriol (the estrogen of pregnancy)

Front 22

what are the functions of the placenta?

Back 22

1) supplies nutrients; 2) acts as the fetal lung; 3) acts as fetal kidney (regulates fluid volumes and diposing of waste metabolites); 4) endocrine gland that secretes many steroids and protein hormones that affect both materal and fetal metabolism

Front 23

what are the functions of progesterone produced by the placenta?

Back 23

1) establishes support for the fetus; 2) maintains the lining of the uterus; 3) the fetal adrenal glands convert it to aldosterone and cortisol; 4) it inhibits the uterus from contracting; inhibits prostaglandin production and decreases sensitivity to oxytocin

Front 24

where is estradiol produced and when?what is its function?

Back 24

in the first 5-6wks hCG stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estradiol(along with progesterone); after that time, the placenta produces it from converting DHEA; ESTRADIOL'S FUNCTIONS: increase uterine blood flow

Front 25

in what way can you measure the estrogen of pregnancy and what does it indicate?

Back 25

measuring estriol is a good indicator of fetal well-being (along with alpha fetal protein, low estriol are associated with Down's syndrome; chr 22)

Front 26

what are the roles of estrogen in pregnancy?

Back 26

1) continuous growth of uterine myometrium; 2) along with progesterone, it stimulates ductal breast growth; 3) along with relaxin, it relaxes and softens maternal pelvic ligaments and symphysis pubis of pelvic bones to allow for the expansion of the uterus; 4) sitmulates LDL cholesterol uptake and activity of P450 enzymes that contribute to progesterone synthesis

Front 27

what happens to the mother's Cardiac output?

Back 27

blood flow to placenta requires a 40% higher cardiac output

Front 28

what happens to the mother's volume?

Back 28

blood volume increases by 30% (due to aldosterone and estrogen); this causes Na+ and H20 retention

Front 29

what happens to the mother's kidney function?

Back 29

increases GFR by 40% and RPF by 75%

Front 30

what happens to the mother's insulin secretion during pregnancy?

Back 30

insulin secretion increases after 3 month of pregnancy

Front 31

at what time during gestation, does morning sickness usually occur?

Back 31

onset 4-8 weeks of gestation; improvement before 14-16 weeks (usually good indicator of favorable outcome; the smooth muscle of the stomach relaxes)

Front 32

what is the term for pregnancy induced hypertension?

Back 32

preeclampsia(associated with significant protein in urine); increased BP in 3rd trimester, reduced blood volume, no renal vasodilation, specific renal lesions (high mortality and morbidity)

Front 33

what is the difference between preeclampsia and eclampsia?

Back 33

eclampsia usually occurs after preeclampsia and is characterized by convulsions that appear before, during, or after labor.

Front 34

what are the functions of amniotic fluid and how much is there?

Back 34

FUNCTIONS: 1) mechanical buffer (protection) 2)fetal toilet (turns over daily); there is approximately 500-1000mL in which the fetus floats

Front 35

what is and what are the phases of parturition?

Back 35

parturition is the act of giving birth; Phase 0: conception to beginning labor, quiescent uterus (decreased cAMP, cGMP, MLCK activity due to progesterone, relaxin, prostacyclin, PTH-related peptide, NO) Phase 1: time of uterine activation to delivery of fetus; Phase 2: delivery of fetus to delivery of placenta; Phase 3: Postpartum; involution of the uterus

Front 36

Phase 0 is the time of conception to beginning labor. The uterus is quisecent because...?

Back 36

decreased cAMP, cGMP, MLCK activity due to progesterone, relaxin, prostacyclin, PTH-related peptide, NO

Front 37

Phase 1 is activation of the uterus to delivery of the fetus. what is responsible?

Back 37

upregulation of contraction-associated proteins like connexin 43; this increases gap junctions; there is a 50x increase in myometrial oxytocin receptors; there is dilation and effacement of the cervix, cervical softening due to rearrangement of collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycans

Front 38

What causes phase 2 to occur?

Back 38

from the time of delivery of fetus to delivery of placenta involves platelet activating factor, endothelin, and Angiotensin II

Front 39

Phase 3 needs what to cause the uterus to involute?

Back 39

oxytocin is most important in postpartum bleeding and involution of the uterus

Front 40

name the term used to describe the irritability of uterine muscle that causes weak, slow contractions that begin about 1 month before labor.

Back 40

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

Front 41

what causes labor pains?

Back 41

early: ischemia of the uterine muscle then the stretch of the cervix, perineum and vagina

Front 42

Name the prostaglandin responsible for labor induction.

Back 42

endogenously: oxytocin; synthetic: pitocin

Front 43

what is the difference in inducing and augmenting labor?

Back 43

inducing is sitmulating labor with or without ruptured membranes; augmenting labor is stimulating contractions following spontaneous rupture of the membranes (the cervix is dilating correctly of fast enough)

Front 44

In what phase would pitocin be most beneficial?

Back 44

pitocin is most important in phase 3, most women receive it following labor to prevent bleeding

Front 45

what hormone causes milk letdown? what does the 1st milk contain?

Back 45

oxytocin; also by drop in estrogen and progesterone after delivery; colostrum (full of carbs, proteins, and antibodies and contains no fat)

Front 46

what hormone causes milk secretion? why would it stop being produced?

Back 46

prolactin; if the baby stops feeding then the milk will dry up

Hint 46

None