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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does veinous drainage from the RIGHT ovary/testis go?
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Right to the IVC
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Where does veinous drainage from the LEFT ovary/testis go?
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FIRST to the left RENAL vein
-Then renal vein goes to IVC |
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Where do LYMPHATICS from the ovaries and testes drain?
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To PARA-AORTIC lymph nodes
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What are the 4 uterine LIGAMENTS?
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-Suspensory ligament of OVARIES
-Transverse CERVICAL ligament -ROUND ligament of uterus -BROAD ligament |
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What does the Suspensory ligament contain?
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The OVARIAN vessels
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What does the TRANSVERSE cervical (cardinal) ligament contain?
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Uterine vessels
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What does the BROAD ligament contain?
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Uterine tubules and vessels
Round ligaments of uterus |
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What is the function of the ROUND ligament of the uterus?
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Anchors the uterus to anterior abdominal wall - no structures contained within it
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Erection innervation:
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Parasymp
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Emission innervation:
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SNS
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Types of nerves that mediate ejaculation:
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BOTH somatic and visceral
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What is the ACROSOME of sperm derived from?
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GOLGI apparatus!
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What is the sperm TAIL derived from?
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a CENTRIOLE
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What is the predominant organelle in the MIDDLE of sperm?
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MITOCHONDRIA
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Food supply for mitochondria:
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FRUCTOSE!
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When does SPERMATOGENESIS begin in males?
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At PUBERTY
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What types of cells start spermatogenesis?
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Spermatogonia - types A and B
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How long does full development of sperm take?
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2 months
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Where does Spermatogenesis OCCUR?
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In the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
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What is the BLOOD-TESTIS barrier?
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Physical barrier WITHIN the testes between the site of SPERMATOGENESIS and BLOOD
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Why is there a BARRIER between spermatogenesis and the blood?
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To avoid AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE - this is an IMMUNE PRIVILEGED SITE!
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What cells are at the BASAL surface of a seminiferous tubule?
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-Sertoli cells
-Spermatogonia |
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What is the function of the Sertoli cells being at the basal compartment of a seminiferous tubule?
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They FORM the blood:testis BARRIER! Have TIGHT JUNCTIONS
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What is the DNA content in a
-Spermatogonium -Primary spermatocyte -2ndry spermatocyte -Spermatid |
Spermatogonium = 2N, Diploid
1' spermatocyte = 4N, Diploid 2' spermatocyte = 2N, haploid Spermatid = N, haploid |
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What are the divisions that occur during spermatogenesis?
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1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis I 3. Meiosis II |
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What are the structures through which SPERM traverse during ejaculation?
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SEVEN UP
-Seminiferous tubules -Epididymis -Vas deferens -Ejaculatory duct nothing -Urethra -Penis |
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What are the actions of FSH and LH in males?
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FSH - stimulates SERTOLI cells
LH - stimulates LEYDIG cells |
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What do Sertoli cells secrete in response to FSH? Function?
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ABP - makes sure Testost is high in the seminiferous tubule
INHIBIN - inhibits FSH release from pituitary |
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What do Leydig cells secrete in response to LH?
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Testosterone - inhibits GnRH from hypothal and stimulates spermatogenesis
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What are the 3 androgens in males in decreasing order of potency? Where are they produced?
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1. DHT - dihydrotestosterone (T)
2. Testosterone (testes) 3. Androstenedione (adrenals) |
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What enzyme converts Testosterone to DHT and what drug inhibits this?
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5a-reductase
FINASTERIDE |
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What can Testosterone and Androstenedione be converted to other than DHT? By what enzyme, where?
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ESTROGEN - by AROMATASE in FAT
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What are the 3 ESTROGENS and where is each produced? (most to least potent)
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1. Estradiol (ovary)
2. Estrone (ovary) 3. Estriol (ovary) |
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How much do Estradiol/Estrone increase during pregnancy? Estriol?
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Estradiol/Estrone - 50X
Estriol - 1000X!! |
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Why does Estriol increase so much during pregnancy?
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Maintains FETAL WELL-BEING
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What hormones/cells regulate Estrogen synthesis?
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LH -> Theca cells make Androstenedione from Cholesterol
FSH -> Granulosa cells convert Androstenedione to Estradiol |
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So what type of ovarian tumor would cause premature puberty?
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Granulosa cell tumor!
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How do the estrogens affect the cholesterol profile?
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-INCREASE HDL - good!
-Decrease LDL - also good |
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What hormone is an indicator of OVULATION?
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Elevated PROGESTERONE
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What is Progesterone's function?
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PREPARES for PREGNANCY
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How do Estradiol vs Progesterone affect MYOMETRIAL EXCITABILITY?
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Estradiol - increases it
Progesterone - QUIETS it |
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How do Estradiol vs Progesterone affect CERVICAL MUCUS
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Estradiol - runny and good for sperm transit
Progesterone - THICK and sticky to inhibit sperm entry |
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle is Estrogen highest? Progesterone?
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Estrogen - in PROLIFERATIVE phase
Progesterone - in SECRETORY phase |
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When is FOLLICLE growth in the ovary fastest?
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During the 2nd week of the PROLIFERATIVE phase
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What is the role of Estrogen during the proliferative phase?
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Stimulates ENDOMETRIAL PROLIFERATION and follicle growth
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What is the purpose of Progesterone during the secretory phase?
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MAINTAINANCE of the endometrium to PREVENT sloughing and SUPPORT implantation
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What does LACK of progesterone result in then?
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INFERTILITY
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And what is Progesterone high a SIGN of?
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Ovulation
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What is the SOURCE of progesterone during the secretory phase?
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Corpus luteum
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What happens if implantation does not occur?
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The CL regresses and menstruation occurs.
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What is a measurable indicator of the Progesterone induced by ovulation?
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Temperature rise!
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What hormone CAUSES ovulation? How?
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Estrogen - feedback on the pituitary becomes POS so it stimulates LH surge; LH stimulates the follicular rupture.
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What is the mechanism of oral contraceptives?
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Inhibit the ESTROGEN surge; inhibits LH surge and ovulation.
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What can blood from a ruptured follicle cause?
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Peritoneal irritation that mimics APPENDICITIS
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What is this peritoneal irritation called?
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MITTELSCHMERZ
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When does oogenesis begin in FEMALES in contrast to males?
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In FETAL development - NOT at puberty!
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What are females born with?
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Primary oocytes - they have all undergone mitosis to produce primary oocytes from oogonia
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What stage of oogenesis are primary oocytes stuck in until ovulation?
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PROPHASE of Meiosis I
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What happens to a primary oocyte stuck in PROPHASE of Meiosis I at ovulation?
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Progression to METAphase of MEIOSIS II
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What will allow for an oocyte to mature BEYOND METaphase of Meiosis II?
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if it has MET a sperm - fertilization
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So when during a woman's life would an oocyte undergo Crossing over and Translocation and all that Chromosomal stuff?
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If the primary oocyte is OVULATED and proceeds from Prophase Meiosis I to Metaphase Meiosis II
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So what is the chromosomal content of all the primary oocytes stuck in Prophase Meiosis I in a female at birth?
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4N - diploid
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What is the ch' content of a 2ndry oocyte after ovulation stuck in Metaphase Meiosis II?
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2N - haploid
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What does the mature ovum contain if fertilization occurs?
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N - haploid; then they mix and make a diploid zygote again..
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What is hCG and where is it produced?
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human chorionic gonadotrophin - from the syncytiotrophoblast of the PLACENTA
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What is the PURPOSE of hCG?
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Maintains the CORPUS LUTEUM from the 1st trimester - acts like LH
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Why do we need a CL in pregnancy?
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To maintain PROGESTERONE to maintain the endometrium!
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Why does hCG die down during the 2nd-3rd trimesters?
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The placenta begins to make its OWN Progesterone/estrogen.
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When does hCG appear in the urine after a successful fertilization?
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8 days!
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What are 2 malignancies in women that EXTREMELY HIGH levels of hCG are indicators of?
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-Hydatidiform mole
-Choriocarcinoma |
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What is MENOPAUSE caused by?
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Cessation of ESTROGEN production when the # of ovarian follicles declines due to age
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Avg age of onset of menopause:
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51
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What will cause menopause to occur earlier?
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Smoking
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What are the 4 hormonal changes that occur in menopause?
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-Decreased ESTROGEN
-INCREASED LH/FSH -Increased GnRH |
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What are 4 physiological changes that menopause causes?
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HAVOC
-Hot flashes -Atrophy of the Vagina -Osteoporosis -Coronary artery disease |
