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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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tunica albunginea
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dense fibrous capsule; surrounds testes (continuous with septa), corpus cavernosa in penis, and ovaries
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myoid cells
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adhere to basal lamina of seminiferous tubules (look flat in section); have smooth muscle properties (actin) -> help propel sperm; 3-4 cells thick in humans, 1 cell thick in rodents
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sperm pathway
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seminiferious tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejac duct (merge w/ seminal vesicles to get secretions) -> urethra (more secretions from prostate)
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what is in the testis interstitial tissue?
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collagen, vessels (blood and lymph), macrophages, collagen, Leydig cells (synth. testosterone)
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spermatogenesis
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A spermatagonia (diploid 2n) -> B spermatagonia (diploid 2n) -> primary spermatocytes (diploid 4n - S phase, long prophase) -> secondary spermatocytes (haploid 2n - 2nd division is quick and thus we don't see secondary sperm in sections) -> spermatids (haploid n - still connected via cytoplasmic bridges) -> spermatazoa (haploid n)
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spermiogenesis
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haploid sperm -> spermatazoa; 4 stages: Golgi, cap, acrosome, maturation
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acrosome
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located opposite of flagella, derived from Golgi, contains digestive enzymes to dissociate corona radiata cells and dissolve zona pellucida (specialized lysosome)
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flagellum
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located opposite of acrosome; created from elongated centriole; consists of microtubules, ATP, dynein; no dynein = Kartagener syndrome
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Kartagener syndrome
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mutation in dynein; causes infertility in males (no flagellated sperm) but not females (oviduct smooth muscles compensates for cilia), and resp infx (no cilia)
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Sertoli cell histology
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tall columnar epithelial cells attached to inside of basal lamina in seminiferous tubules; irregular shape (base on basal lamina, apical can extend into lumen); large pale oval nucleus w/ long axis oriented perpendicular to basement membrane (vs spermatagonia, which have round nuc); cytoplasmic extensions that make contact w/ neighboring Sertoli cells via tight junctions (blood testes barrier between basal and adluminal compartments of tubule); abundant SER, some RER, well-developed Golgi, lysosomes, microtubules, and microfilaments (aid in release of sperm)
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Sertoli cell functions in adults (4)
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support, protect, provide nutrition to developing sperm (blood testes barrier); phagocytize residual bodies and failed germ cells; secrete androgen binding protein (binds testosterone and DHT, concentrated on luminal side of tubule, ABP production is stimulated by FSH); secrete inhibin (suppresses FSH synthesis) and activin
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Sertoli cell throughout life
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predominant cell in tubule pre-puberty and in elderly men but only 10% in max fertility years; post-mitotic after puberty
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blood testes barrier
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Sertoli cells form basal and adluminal compartments in seminiferous tubules through tight junctions; immature spermatocytes and spermatoagonia are in the basal compartment and somehow traverse to the adluminal compartment to further mature
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efferent ductiles histology
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single layer of psuedostratified low columnar epithelium -> some ciliated to propel nonmotile sperm and some w/ microvilli to reabsorb testes fluid; thin circular smooth muscle surrounds
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testes histology
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surrounded by fibrous tunica albunginea, composed of many lobules separated by septa, each lobule has 1-4 seminiferous tubules w/ germ cells and Sertoli cells inside (4-8 layers) and myoid cells and Leydig cells outside, tubules empty into rete testes -> efferent ductules; in humans each cross-section tubule will be at different stage of spermatogenesis (b/c of helical maturation) while in mice each tubule will be at same stage
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epididymis histology
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convuluted tube (5 m long) - sperm spend 7-10 days here and acquire motility; multiple tubes w/ pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia (very long nonmotile microvilli -> reabsorb testicular fluid, phagocytize residual bodies, secrete substances)
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vas deferens histology
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same epithelium as epipdidymis (pseudostratified columnar w/ stereocilli) except only one tube/cross-section; 3 layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal, circular, outer longitudinal)
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semen constitution, from what structures
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seminal vesicle = provides 70% of semen, fluid includes fructose, citrate, prostaglandins, proteins; prostate = acid phosphatase, citric acid, fibrinolysin (liquefies semen after ejaculation), proteins
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intertubular space contains (5)
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vessels (lymph, artery, vein); Leydig cells; macrophages; fibroblasts; myoid cells
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Leydig cell histology
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foamy cytoplasm, acentric nucleus, lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm; exists in intertubular space
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TEX14
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important for intracellular bridges and fertility in male mice
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spermatagonia histology: A vs B
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A is large nucleus w/ dense chromatin; B is less dense chromatin w/ prominent nucleolus
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how long from stem cell -> mature sperm?
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70 days
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seminal vesicle histology
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ducts w/ single layer of highly folded epithelium (technically pseudostratified, but may look like simple cuboidal); two smooth muscle layers (inner circular, outer longitudinal)
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mucosal vs submucosal glands of prostate
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mucosal glands are in central zone and secrete fluid directly into urethra; while submucosal glands are in transitional zone and secrete into ejaculatory ducts
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BPH location
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transitional zone
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prostate cancer location
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peripheral zone
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rete testes histology
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lined by cuboidal epithelium similar to but not as tall as Sertoli cells, contain no spermtagenic cells
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ejaculatory duct histology
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psuedostratified columnar secretory epithelium; formed where seminal vesicle joins vas; empties into prostatic urethra
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prostate histology (general)
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glands lined by columnar secretory epithelium w/ intervening stroma rich in smooth muscle and fibrocollagenous stroma; ill-defined outer capsule lacks glands
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urethra histology
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lined by urothelium (transitional epithelium) until very close to penile tip, where it becomes stratified squamous
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bubourethral glands
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aka Cowper's glands; empty into urethra at most proximal penile urethra; contain simple columnar mucus-secreting epithlium
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verumontanum
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bulge on posterior aspect of prostatic urethra where ejac ducts merge w/ urethra
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ovary structure
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medullary region w/ rich vascular bed with loose connective tissue and cortical region w/ ovarian follicles
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