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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arabian horse breeders used AI
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1300AD
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Carried out the 1st research project with AI
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Spallanzani 1780
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1st to use AI on a large scale
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Russians 1899
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Order:even toes
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Artiodactyla
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Order: odd toes
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Perissodactyla
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Sheep
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Orvis Aries
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Cattle
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Bos Taurus
Bos Indicus |
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Swine
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Sus Scrofa
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Horse
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Equs Caballus
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Chicken
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Gallus domesticus
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Celsius to Fahrenheit
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(x9/5)+32
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Fahenheit to Celsius
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(-32 x5)/9
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Estrous Cycle: Mare, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Cow
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21, 17,21,21,21
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LH Peak to Ovulation:
Mare |
no peak happens after ovulation
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Sheep
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24
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Goat
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25
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Pig
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40-42
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Cow
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25-30
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Maternal Recognition:
Cow |
16
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Sow
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12
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sheep
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13
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Mare
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15
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Chromosomes:
Cat |
38
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Dog
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78
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Pig
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38
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Sheep
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54
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Goat
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60
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Cow
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60
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Horse
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64
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Human
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46
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Species:
dog |
canis familiaris
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cat
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felis catus
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Egg Incubation
Chicken |
21
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Turkey
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28
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Duck
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26
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Goose
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30
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Pheasant
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22
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Parakeet
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18
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Gestation Length:
Cat |
63
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Dog
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62
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Pig
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114
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Sheep
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146
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Goat
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150
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Cow
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283
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Horse
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336
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Man
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270
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Brahman
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292
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What ducts are Maintained int he female?
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Mullerian Ducts
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What ducts are maintained in the Male
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Wolffian Ducts
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Pig Uterus
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Long Uterine Horns, babies develop in uterine horns, transuterine migration
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Cow
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no trans uterine migration
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Horse
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easiest to AI, embryo migrates day 6-16
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Goat
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no transuterine migration
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Sheep
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hardest to penetrate, 2 cases of migration
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Uterus of a Cow, Mare, Ewe, Doe
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Bipartite
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Sow's Uterus
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Bicornute
long cervix |
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Humans Uterus
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Simplex
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Suburethral diverticulum
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Catches Urine: mare does not have one and can decrease fertility operation called a Cesly
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dorsal fornix
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Cow and Ewe
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Complete Fornix
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Mare like a tulip
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Lacks a fornix
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Sow
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Shaper of Pig, Cow, Sheep, ad Horse ovary:
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Pig=berry
Cow, Sheep=almond Horse=kidney |
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Ovarian Bursa
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Clear sac protects ovary and aids in collection of ova
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eggtopic pregnancy
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eggs get fertilized and then come out into abdominal cavity
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male steroid hormone
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testosterone
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Stages of estrous
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Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus, Proestrus
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PGF2alpha can only be used during which stage of estrous?
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diestrus
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Time lenght of Estrus
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6-14 hours
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Time lenght of Metestrus
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5-7days
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Time length of Diestrus
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10-12 days
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time lenght of proestrus
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3 days
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Which stage of the estrous cycle is most variable?
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Estrus can be 18 hours durning cool weather and 6-8 hourse during hot weather
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Lenght of Mouse/Rat cycle
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4-5 days
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Uterine Stages of Menstral Cycle
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Menstral Flow Proliferative Stage Secretory Stage
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Ovarian Stages of Menstral Cycle
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Fillicular ( Menstral flow and Proliferative) and Luteal(Secretory Stage)
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Day of human ovulation
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14.5 days
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Menstral flow last
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1-5 days
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Proliferative phase of menstral cycle last?
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10days
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secretory phase of menstral cycle last?
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13days
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What happens to hormone levels during menstral flow?
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P4and E2 decrease and without O2 the endo cels slough off
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What happens to hormone levels during the menstral cycle?
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Follicle produces E2 and causes the endometrium to grow back when follicle is big enough it ovulates and the CL puts out P4. P4 prepares the endo for implantation if it does not happen E2 and P4 decrease.LH peaks at ovulation, FSH peaks at end of menstral flow and decreases from there
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How long does human implantation take?
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takes 9 days and happens b4 day 28 so you miss a period
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P4 and E2 Peaks
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P4 rises and peaks in secretory phase, E2 peaks at ovulation and in secretory phase
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MB-1
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the E2 increases and peaks at ovulation increases smell and makes mood positive
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MB-2
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E2 and P4 decrease cause the CNS to becoem irritable and response can be random
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Human avg age of menarch
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12.7yrs
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Mean age of menopause
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51.4
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Blood progesterone in pregnant cow
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2ng/ml or more
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Process of PGF2alpha
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produced by the endometrium goes into the the uterine vein then into ovarian artery then destroys the CL (Local effect) counter current mechanism vein to artery
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Draw PGF2alpha
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20 C FA originates from arachadonic acid
Lutyalytic hormone!! |
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How does the CL cause its own demise?
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Follicle releases E2 goes on a receptor site on DNA mRNA produces oxytocin receptor on enometrium CL produces Oxytocin it bind and stimulates AA causing synthesisng into PGF2alpha with cylcooxygenase and then decreases P4
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2 Types of cells in CL
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Large lutein Cells and Small lutein cells
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CL cells that produce OT
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Large Lutein cells
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CL cells that produce P4
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Small Lutein cells
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EPSI
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Endometrial Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitor
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Process of EPSI
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Interferon Tau(bTP-1) helps protect the embryo from being rejected by the mother it stimulates EPSI which blocks cyclooxygenase; wthout cyclo PGF2alpha is not produced (window is 14,15,16days)
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oTP-1
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ovis tropoblastic protein
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Where do I put the embryo in my mare when I transfer it on day 7?
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in the uterus and let it start rolling
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PGF2alpha in a non pregnant cycling sow
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same as the rest PGF2alpha goes into blood stream and lyses CL
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PGF2alpha in pregnant sow
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THe embryo produces E2 which forces PGF2alpha into the lumen so it cant go into the bloodstream and lyse the CL
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Sow only has 1 or 2 piglets. What happened?
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There was loss after MR on day 12 ( need atleast 4 embryos to force the PGF2alpha in to the lumen)(usually get 12-14 CLs on each ovary; embryonic loss when only 8 or 9 piglets)
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Layers of the ovum
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Nucleus, Ooplasm(Vitellus), Vitelline membrane, Perivitelline space, Zona Pellucida, Corona radiata, Cumulus Oophorus
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Layers of the follicle
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Antrum (liquor folliculi), granulosa, basement membrane, theca intera, theca externa
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flushing
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increase energy in the diet before breeding to help in fertilization
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time it takes for follicle to mature
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30-35 days
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Female steroid hormones
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E2 and P4
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Protein hormones
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FSH and LH
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FSH
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causes final growth of the follicle to ovulate is released from the anterior pituitary
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LH
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causes ovulation of the follicle thats why you give an LH shot comes from the anterior pituitary; follicle produces E2 and P4 then an LH peak and it ovulates
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draw cholesterol; number of carbons?
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27
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draw progesterone; number of carbons
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21
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draw testosterone; number of carbons?
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19
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draw estradiol; number of carbons?
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18
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arromatase causing cystic follicles causes what
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male characteristics
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DES
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diethalstebesterol
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DES does what?
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resembles E2 but it locks into E2 receptor sites and does nto come out. came onto market for feedlot animals to gain weight cervical cancer in women
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draw outline of the brain
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hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary, cerebral cortex
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Anterior Pituitary's two other names
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adenohypophysis (pars distalis)
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Posterior Pituitary's two names
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Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)
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What forms the pars nervosa
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infundibulum
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what forms the pars distalis
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rathkes pouch
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what protects the pituitary
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sphenoid bone
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what doe the pituitary sit in
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sella turcica
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hormones that come from the adenohypohysis
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protein hormones (large)
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hormones that coem from the neurohypophysis
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peptide hormone (small)
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Hormone process from hypothalmus to anterior pituitary
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pulses from the brain for neurosecretory cells pulse hormones from the hypo to the primary plexus
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Arteries adn veins in primary adn secondary plexus
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Blood enters in the superior hypophyseal artery to the primary plexus to the hypohyseal portal veins to the secondary plexus to venous dranage
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How does the superior hypophyseal artery bypass the primary plexus?
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Tubercular artery
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Category of Anterior hormones
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chromophils
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Categories of chromopil hormones
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Basophils and acidophils
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Basophil hormones (4)
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ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
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Acidophil hormones (2)
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Prolactin, GH(STH)
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Posterior Hormones
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Oxytocin and Vasopressin
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ACTH goes where?
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Adrenal Cortex
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TSH (thyrotropin)goes where?
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thyroid
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FSH goes where?
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ovary/testis
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LH goes where?
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ovary/testis
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Prolactin goes where?
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mammary glands
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GH (STH) goes where?
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general soma
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Peptides from hypothalamus and their site of action is in the Anterior pititary
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GnRH, TRH, CRH, STH-RH, PIH, PRH, somatostatin
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eCG
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equine corionicgonadotropin; comes from the placenta very potent for follicle growing in the the pig overstimulates the cow
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peptide that causes ovulation
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GnRH
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protein that causes ovulation
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LH
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The 2 nuclei cells that are stimulated so that hte posterior can release peptide hormones
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supraoptic nuclei cell and paraventricular nuclei cell
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# of AA in GnRH
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10 AA peptide hormone
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lipid soluble hormones
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steroid hormones they are small protein hormones are large and hook onto receptors
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Estrogen surge to Estrus
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18 hours
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Estrogen Surge to LH peak
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20-25hrs
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Onset of Estrus to LH peak
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2-5hours
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LH peak to ovulation
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25-30 hrs
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In women LH peak to ovulation
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36-40 hours
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Human female can detect ovulation by a pain above the kidney (40%)
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mittelshmertz
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Time of ovulation in the cow
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12-16 hours after the end of estrus
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Time of ovulation in the goat
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24-36 hours after the onset of estrus
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Time of ovulation in the sheep
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16-30 hours after the onset of estrus
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Time of ovulation in the pig
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35-45 hours after the onset of estrus
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Time of ovulation int he horse
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1 day before the end of esturs
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Time of ovulation in the cat
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its induced; 30 hours after mating (rabbit and llama) so LH peak occurs the 30 hours later ovulation
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What does the 1st dom follicle do?
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releases E2 to trigger FSH which triggers follicular wave 2
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What does dom follicle 2 do?
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releases E2 and it is that that causes lutyal regression
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Why do starved cows not have 3 waves?
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Bc there is not enough follicles int he cohort to start the second dom follicle to produce E2 to regress the CL
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What starts the folliculat wave
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the FSH peak which is around day 7
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Draw the table that shows the 3 follicular waves and E2 P4 levels
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draw
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In folliculogenesis nutrition does what
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it effects fertility and follicles avalible
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Norgestomet Treatment
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E2 injection leave synthetic progesterone ear implant in for 9 days then remove calf and breed on day 12
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MGA
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it was put in feed and after 21 days CL regresses, but illegal now unequal consumption and can shut down their cycle
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Prostaglandin Method 1
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(Weaver Method) palpate inject PGF2alpha day 4/5 AI(66.6%) then day 8 inject Pgf2alpha day 11/12 AI(33.3%) Only one does per cow!!
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Prostaglandin Method 2
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(UpJohn) No Vet....inject PGF2 to all cows then inject again on day 12 and AI 100% on day 15/16 (200 does per 100 cow herd)
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LSU Method
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Check for preg then do estrus detection for days 1-6 then inject pgf2 (66.6%) and AI from day 6-10 then repeat after 19-23 days ( done after 10 days and only use 66 does more work less cost
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Kansas state Method
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Preg check, implant to keep out of estrus, then inject PGF2 on day 7 then AI 100% on days 9-11
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Ovsynch Method
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makes 2 wave cow convert to a 3 wave. GnRH day1 CIDR till day 7 and give PGF2 then 30-36 hrs later (~9) GnRH again then 16-20 hrs timed AI
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CO-Synch
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Day 1 GnRH then PGF day 7 then TAI/GnRH
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Co-Synch + CIDR
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Day1 GnRH then CIDR day 7 PGF then TAI/GnRH
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Hybrid Synch
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GnRH then day 7 PGF then detect estus and AI TAI/GnRH
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Hybrid Synch + CIDR
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GnRH CIDR till day 7 PGF the TAI 84hours
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Teaser animals (4)
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Vasectomized, penile deviation, epididymal resection or occlusion, preputial closure
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Vasetomized
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Cut sections of vas def can still have entry and spread disease
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Penile deviation
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surgically move penis to oneside or the other sometimes figure it out how to get in in
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Epididymal resection or occlusion
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cut through scrotal sac and cut epididimus but causes swelling of the testis
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Preputial Closure
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Same opening urine comes out of not good!!
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Androgen Treated Heifers
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she acts like a bull and starts heat checking can get agressive but does not have the love syndrom
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Testosterone Treated steers
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checks for heat acts like a bull but does not get ass mean
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Devices (3)
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Chinball, kamar patches, individual marking of animals
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Heat check with horses
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physically restrain the male stall chute or cage
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Swine heat check
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Vasectomized male or pressure check on female
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Sheep and Goats heat check
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vasectomized male or aproned male
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Gomer bulls
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display sex drive similar to intact herd bulls
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Best choice for Heat detection
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patches, marker bulls, and visual
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What androgen causes the testosterone effect in females
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dihydrotestosterone
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ratios of beef cows to marker bulls
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increase cows increase love effect; large pasture decrease effectiveness
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What makes heifer come into puberty earlier?
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put bulls with them
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Signs of heat for sheep and goats
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little homo activity will stand to be mounted by male will search them out; nervousness; wagging tail and urinate;
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Animals that are short day breeders
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sheep and goats
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longa day breeders
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horses shipped to LA/FL to gain light earlier have to transition from noncylcic to cyclic
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photoperidosity
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pineal gland inccreases/decreases melatonin output and it effects the out put of GnRH
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SHeep: Chhrom #; type of breeder; cycle lengh; estrus type; age at puberty male and female; gestation lengh;
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54;seasonal;17;polyestus;7-10male 6-8 female;146
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Goat; chrom#; type of breeder; cycle length; estrus type; age at puberty; gestation length
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60; seasonal;21; 7-10male 6-9 femal; 150
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Ram Exposure 4 (draw)
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1. shear the ram adn place in cool environment starts the pulsatile activity2. put older male in with females for 4-7 days they ovulate give PGF on day 12- 14 and then add breeding ram 3. ewes seek out male no homo4. needs the male present
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Process of goat mating
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nudging, kicking, mounting, head thrust and ejaculate, female urinates male smells and give flehmen response
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Signs of a sow in heat
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1. stand to be mounted and respond to back pressure 2. nervousness 3. soemtimes mount femals 4. swollen vulva 5. boar effect 6. climate condition (humidity)
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boar effect
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vocalization, pheromones in boars breath, tactile stimulation
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length of estrus in cattle, sheep, goats, swine, horses
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14hrs, 28 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 6 days
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time to ovulation in cattle, sheep, goats, swine, horses
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12-16 after end of estrus,16-30 hours after onset of estrue, 24-36 hours after onset of estrus, 35-45 after onset of estrus, 1day before end of estrus
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2 pheremones of the boar
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breath and pouch with smegma smells diff for each boar and marks bred female
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what animal do you not use PGF on to lyse the Cl?
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Sow!! can use it to abort a preg on day 12
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Why cant PGF be used ont he pig?
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bc they have a diff lutyaltropic hormone its E2 so increase E2 and you increase lutyal function
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Normal puberty in pigs and delayed puberty
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with all females:normal 28 wks crowding is a neg effect and so is less touching can lengthen it ot 32 wks
small group with boar on other side of fence or in pen 24wks |
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transport effect
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stress allows E2 to come out of adrenal glands
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Piglets in uterine horn
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1. large pig at ends of horn bc of blood supply 2. live pigs absorbe dead pigs 3. more pigs more competition so are smaller
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Oxytocin injections for sows
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only work after first piglet is born can blow up uterus if cervix is not open and you kepp giving it
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Number of embryos for MR
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4 embryos
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Super ovulating the pig
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eCG can cause 80 follicles but still only 8-9 piglets avg is 14.6 follicles ovulate
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