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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a teratogen?
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agent that produces a congenital defect
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What was thalidomide marketed as?
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sedative
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What is the critical period for thalidomide?
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27-40 days post conception
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What deformities are associated with taking thalidomide?
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limb/ear, visual impairment, CHD, facial malformations, mental retardation
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What is the critical period for arm development?
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27-30th day
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What is the critical period for leg development?
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30-33rd day
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When is the fetus most vulnerable?
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first 60 days after conception
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What kind of defects happen during 15-60 days after conception?
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organogenesis
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What kind of defects happen 60 days after conception?
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functional defects and minor anomalies
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When does anencephaly form?
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26 days
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What is a teratogen?
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agent that produces a congenital defect
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What was thalidomide marketed as?
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sedative
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What is the critical period for thalidomide?
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27-40 days post conception
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What deformities are associated with taking thalidomide?
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limb/ear, visual impairment, CHD, facial malformations, mental retardation
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What is the critical period for arm development?
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27-30th day
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What is the critical period for leg development?
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30-33rd day
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When is the fetus most vulnerable?
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first 60 days after conception
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What kind of defects happen during 15-60 days after conception?
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organogenesis
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What kind of defects happen 60 days after conception?
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functional defects and minor anomalies
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When does anencephaly form?
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26 days
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When does meningomyelocele form?
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28 days
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When does cleft lip form?
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36 days
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When does cleft palate form?
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10 weeks
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What is anencephaly?
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faulty closure of anterior neural tube
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What is meningomyelocele?
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faulty closure of posterior neural tube
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What is the defect with TE fistula?
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septation of foregut to trachea and foregut
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When does a TE fistula form?
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30 days
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When does rectal atresia form?
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6 weeks
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What is the defect of rectal atresia?
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septation of cloaca into rectum with fistula and UG sinus
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When does omphalocele form?
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10 weeks
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When does hypospadias form?
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12 weeks
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What is hypospadias?
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irregular fusion of the urethral folds
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When does VSD form?
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6 weeks
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What external agents can cause teratogenesis?
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heavy metals, chemicals, infectious agents, radiation, hyperthermia
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What maternal diseases can cause teratogenesis?
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diabetes, lupus, hyperthyroidism, phenylketonuria, myotonic dystrophy, myasthenia gravis
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Which non-prescription drugs cause teratogenesis?
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EtOH, cocaine, tobacco
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Which categories of prescription drugs cause teratogenesis?
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antineoplastics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, vitamin analogs, hormones, psychotropic agents, anticoagulants
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What are the modified Koch's postulates for teratogenesis?
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present during developmental period
produces defects in experimental animal proof that agent acts on embryo/fetus/placenta |
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What is the criteria for teratogenicity?
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proven exposure at critical time
consistent finding by 2+ epi studies frequency of defects increases when population exposure increases careful delineation of cases rare exposure = rare defect teratogenicity in animal in doses equivalent to human biologically plausible |
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What are the morphogenetic effects of teratogens?
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cell death, altered tissue growth, abnormal cell differentiation, disruption of normal development
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What are the mechanisms of teratogens?
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disruption of folate metabolism, oxidative intermediates, inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis, change in expression of cell signaling, malprogramming of neuroendocrine
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What are the features of fetal alcohol syndrome?
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microcephaly, eye anomalies, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small jaw, hypertonia, finger problems, hyperactivity, growth deficiency, diminished IQ
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How does fetal alcohol syndrome develop?
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alcohol passes through the placenta easily, fetus can't eliminate alcohol, higher blood alcohol level in the fetus, affects all fetal organ systems, can cause fetal intoxication
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What brain abnormalities happen during the first trimester?
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abnormal cell migration and organization
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What brain abnormalities happen during second trimester?
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peak time for FAS effects
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What brain abnormalities happen during third trimester?
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damage to hippocampus
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What is isotretinoin?
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vitamin A derivative, retinoic acid
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When does isoretinoin cause birth defects?
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15 days after conception
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What is the defect with isoretinoin?
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spontaneous abortion, malformations of all systems
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What kind of defects do ACE inhibitors cause?
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fetal/neonatal renal failure, pulmonary hypoplasia, stillbirth
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What are the risks associated with women with seizures having kids?
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genetic predisposition for birth defects, antiepileptics make it worse
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What is fetal dilantin syndrome?
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pre/postnatal growth deficiency, hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum, small distal phalanges and nails, developmental delay
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What kind of defects does cocaine cause?
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vascular disruptions
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What kind of effects does marijuana have on the fetus?
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IUGR
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What kind of fetal abnormalities do amphetamines have?
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IUGR, cardiac, facial clefts
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What kind of fetal problems does heroin cause?
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fetal withdrawal
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