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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the functions of the respiratory system?
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Gas exchange between air and blood
Moving air from exchange surface of lungs Protection of respiratory surfaces Produce sound Provision or olfactory sensations |
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What are the functional differences between the upper and lower respiratory systems?
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Upper: conduction, condition, sound, olfaction, protection
Lower: conduction, exchange, circulation, protection |
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How do the muscles of the neck and pharynx affect the larynx?
What occurs when swallowing? |
Position and stabilize larynx
Elevate larynx, bend epiglottis over glottis |
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Each long is covered by one __?
What is it? Whare its two types? What is it filled with? Why? |
Pleura
Serous membrane lining pleural cavity Parietal: attaches to walls of pleural cavity Visceral: surface of lungs Pleural fluid: lubricates space between pleura |
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What is pulmonary ventilation?
External respiration? Internal respiration? |
The physcial movement of air into and out of the lungs
Gas diffusion (O2 and CO2 transport to and from RBCs) Gas diffusion (O2 to tissues, CO2 from tissues and then to RBCs) |
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Describe the law that dictates the movement of air and how it relates to pulmonary ventilation.
Define compliance. |
Boyle's law: pressure and volume inverse relatinoship, volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs
Pressure and airflow to lungs Indication of expandability of the lungs |
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Describe the mechanism of pulmonary ventilation and pressure changes that occur.
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As the rib cage is elevated or the diaphragm is depressed, volume of thoracic cavity increases. Pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases, and air flows into the lungs. When the rib cage returns to original position, volume of thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure rises, and air moves out of lungs.
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Difference between quiet and forced breathing? Names?
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Eupnea: diaphragm, external/internal intercostals mucles
Hyperpnea: accessory muscles |
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What does Dalton's law state?
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Individual gases in mixture exert pressure proportional to their abundance
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What does Henry's law state?
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The amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to their partial pressure
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Why is gas exchange across the respiratory membrane so efficient?
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Differences in partial pressure, small diffusion distance, lipid-soluble gases, large SA of all alveoli, coordination of blood and airflow
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How is oxygen mainly tranposrted? What is this dependent on?
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Bound to hemoglobin on RBCs
O2 Pressure, pH, temp, BPG |
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Difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin?
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Fetal has higher O2 affinity
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Under what conditions does O2 bind hemoglobin most effectively?
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High O2 concentrations (high pressure of O2)
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What is the effect of temperature on hemoglobin binding O2?
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Higher temp-->less binding
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In what form is most of CO2 carried as? Via what system is this achieved?
What form of CO2 is present when bound to hemoglobin? |
Carbonic Acid
Buffer Carbaminohemoglobin |
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How is gas absorption/generation balanced?
Describe mechanisms of local regulation of gas transport and alveolar function |
Capillary rates of delivery/removal
Lung perfusion: alveolar capillaries constrict in low O2 Alveolar ventilation: bronchioles dilate in high CO2 |
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What brain centers are involved in repiratory control? Describe their roles.
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Medullary: rhythmicity centers set pace
Pons: apneustic and pneumotaxic centers |
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What kinds of reflexes modify respiratory centers?
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Chemoreceptor reflexes (levels of CO2)
Baroreceptor reflexes Hering-Breuer Reflexes (prevents overinflation) Protective reflexes |
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What is regulation of respiratory rate dependent on in terms of voluntary control?
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Conscious/unconscious thought
Emotional state Anticipation |
