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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most common air pollutants?
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- CO (52%)
minor pollutants - SO2 (14%) - NO2 (14%) - ozone (14%) - particles (4%) |
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Major sources of outdoor air pollutants.
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- combustion of fossil fuels
- coal fired power plant emissions - waste incinerators - atmospheric reactions |
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Major sources of indoor pollutants.
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- smoke
- gas, wood stoves - furnaces - construction materials - furniture - radon - allergens |
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Reducing or oxidizing pollutant?
- SO2 |
reducing
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Reducing or oxidizing pollutant?
- NO2 |
oxidizing
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Reducing or oxidizing pollutant?
- hydrocarbons |
oxidizing
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Reducing or oxidizing pollutant?
- ozone |
oxidizing
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What is the CO-Hgb level?
- CO poisoning with no symptoms |
<15%
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What is the CO-Hgb level?
- symptomatic CO poisoning: headache, chest tightness, tachycardia, confusion |
> 15%, <40%
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What is the CO-Hgb level?
- collapse |
> 40%, < 60%
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What is the CO-Hgb level?
- death |
> 60%
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Treatment for CO poisoning.
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- removal of CO source
- maintenance of respiration - O2 administration: hyperbaric |
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Compare SO2 and NO2 poisoning.
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SO2
- solubility: high, reactive with water - mainly cause upper respiratory symptoms: chronic bronchiolitis like, reflex constriction, bronchospasm(high levels), mucus plugging NO2 - solubility: lower - mainly cause lower respiratory injury: emphysema like, pulmonary edema |
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Treatment for SO2 and NO2 exposure.
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Non specific
- management of respiratory tract signs |
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Pathogenesis of ozone exposure.
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free radicals -> lipid peroxidation -> inflammatory mediators -> increased epithelial permeability -> increased reactivity of airway -> decreased ciliary clearance
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Treatment for ozone exposure.
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non-specific
- management of respiratory tract signs |
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What levels of O3 is this?
- irritation, dryness of throat, cough, discomfort |
< 0.1 ppm
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What levels of O3 is this?
- dyspnea, pain, eyesight disturbance |
0.1 ppm < O3 < 0.8 ppm
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What levels of O3 is this?
- pulmonary function impairment |
O3 > 0.8 ppm
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Where is ozone most prominent in the U.S.?
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Southeast U.S. (CA)
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Name some indoor air pollutants.
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- radon
- formaldehyde - bioaerosols - cigarette smoke |
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What indoor pollutant is this?
- decay product of uranium - widely distributed in soil - associated with lung cancer in minors |
radon
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What indoor pollutant is this?
- irritates eye and mucus membranes - caues nasal tumors in mice - pressed wood products are the main source |
formaldehyde
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What indoor pollutant is this?
- aerosolization of bacteria or allergens associated with pets, dust mites, fungal spores - cause allergic rhinitis, sick building syndrome, chemical sensitivity syndrome |
bioaerosols
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Non-reactive or reactive gas?
- uptake increases with increasing partition coefficient - predicitive with Henry's law - soluble scrubbed in nose |
non-reactive
- SO2 - NO2 |
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Non-reactive or reactive gas?
- not predicitive with Henry's law - metabolism enhances uptake |
reactive (metabolized)
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Non-reactive or reactive gas?
- not predicitive with Henry's law - nasal uptake if soluble - local airflow patterns - mucus protection |
reactive (direct)
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Which particle deposition mechanism is this?
- long asbesto fiber |
interception
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Which particle deposition mechanism is this?
- flow velocity dereased to 0 and parcle is deposited |
sedimentation
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Which particle deposition mechanism is this?
- small sized particle deposited in the alveoli |
diffusion
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Which particle deposition mechanism is this?
- particle trajectory tangental to the flow streamline |
impaction
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Which part of the airway is this?
- abrupt direction change - high air velocity - huge inertial impaction |
nasopharyngeal region
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Which part of the airway is this?
- mild direction change - low air velocity - sedimentation occurs |
bronchiolar region
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Which part of the airway is this?
- 0 air velocity - diffusion occurs |
alveolar region
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Which size of particle is most likely deposited here?
- nasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal region |
very large size: 10 uM
very small size: 0.001 u<M |
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Which size of particle is most likely deposited here?
- tracheobronchial region |
small size: < 0.01 uM
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Which size of particle is most likely deposited here?
- alveolar region |
medium size: 0.01 uM
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Name two pathways of particle clearance in the lung.
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- macrophage
- lymphatics |
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When is particles toxic?
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- when cause damage to macrophages
- when stimulate inflammatory mediators from macrophages and epithelial cells - when activate complement |
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What is ROFA(residual oil fly ash) made of?
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- complex of metals, sulfates, acids.
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How could cyanide be absorbed?
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- inhalation(bitter almond odor, pungent biting odor): rapid absorption and physiological effects
- skin contact (salt peparations): transcutaneous absorption |
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Which pollutant is this?
- bitter almond odor - cause hypopnea, CV shock, high plasma lactate (>8mmpl/L) |
HCN
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Which pollutant is this?
- pungent biting odor - cause hypopnea, CV shock, high plasma lactate (>8mmpl/L) |
cyanogen chloride
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What is the main pathogenic mechanism of cyanide poisoning?
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depletes vit B12
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Treatment for cyanide poisoning.
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- sulfur detoxification
- methhemoglobin formation - direct combination: Na thiosulfate, Na nitrate, vit B12 |
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Mild, advanced or severe cyanide poisoning?
- headache - nausea - metallic taste - drowsiness, dizziness - anxiety - moucus membrane irritation - hyperpnea |
mild
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Mild, advanced or severe cyanide poisoning?
- metallic taste - drowsiness, dizziness - anxiety - moucus membrane irritation - hyperpnea |
advanced
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Mild, advanced or severe cyanide poisoning?
- progressive coma - convulsions - cadiovascular collapse with shock |
severe
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