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214 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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For basic filtering unit of the kidney, the filtering capillaries are
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glomerulus
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a measure of nitrogenous wastes in blood
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blood urine nitrogen or BUN
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which results in release of renin, an increase or decrease in bp
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decrease
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% of urine is made by proteins
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0.03%
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the general term for the manner in which the kidneys maintain in constant GFR even through systemic bp changes
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autoregulation
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normal BUN levels
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7-18 mg/dl
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% of kidny stones made by magnesium-ammonium-phosphate
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15%
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wheres the active form of the compound that allows the s. Intestines to absorb calcium and phosphate for bone use, produced
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kidney
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what type of nephrons are found in deeper regions of kidneys and have long tubules
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juxtamedullary
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outer layer of kidney
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cortex
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what must happen to the relative value of the hydrostatic pressure of bowmans capsule in order to decrease GFR (increase or decease?)
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increase
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of all fluid filtered out of body by kidneys, what percent is reabsorbed
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99.3%
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molec used to make ATP
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creatine phosphate
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quantity of filtrate produced by kidneys per unit time is
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glomerular filtration rate GFR
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enzyme produced by kidneys resulting in increased bp
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renin
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substance pumped out of urine to be reabsorbed bu body due to ATP
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potassium
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a nitrogenous waste product from breakdown of creatine phosphate
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creatine
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what must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the glomerular capillary blood in order to decrease GFR (increase or decrease?)
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increase
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% of kidney stones made of calcium oxylate
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85%
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basic filterine unit of kidneys is
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nephron
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substance pumped out of urine to be reabsorbed bu body due to ATP
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potassium
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a nitrogenous waste product from breakdown of creatine phosphate
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creatine
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what must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the glomerular capillary blood in order to decrease GFR (increase or decrease?)
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increase
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% of kidney stones made of calcium oxylate
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85%
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basic filtering unit of kidneys is
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nephron
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which of the renal tubules lies between the loop of henle and the collecting duct
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distal convoluted tubule
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primary toxic nitrogenous waste product produced by degradation (metabolism) of nucleotide bases from DNA and_____
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RNA
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name struct maintaining, not creating, an extremely hypertonic renal medulla
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vasa recta
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openings in specialized cells surrounding the filtering capillaries to aid in the filtration process are
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filtration slits
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which compound from kidneys and liver stimulates the production of RBCs
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erythropoietin
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primary toxic nitrogenous waste product produced bu degradation (metabolism) of nucleotide and ____
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proteins or their amino acids
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what effect on water loss does estrogen generally have
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reduces loss
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hyperglycemia makes blood hypertonic leading to hypervolemia or hypovolemia
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hypervolemia
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an increased bp causes an increase in urine output called
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pressure diruresis
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a nitrogenous waste product not filtered by kidneys
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creatine
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which of the following is a primary defect in neurogenic diabetes insipidus
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patient is unable to produce ADH
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which of the renal tubules lies between proximal and distal convoluted tubules
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loop of henle
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term "colloid" really refers to which major organic compounds
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proteins
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kidney damage due to diabetes is
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diabetic nephropathy
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in diabetes mellitus, how much above normal can the urine output reach
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12 times
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under norm conditions, what is the net glomerular pressure
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10 mm Hg outward
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which of the renal tubules channels urine to the papillae
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collecting duct
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name inner layer if kidney
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medulla
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type of nephron found near surface of renal cortex and have relatively short reaching tubules
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cortical
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which of the renal tubules drains into the collecting duct
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distal convoluted tubule
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which type of diabetes mellitus is directly attributed to obesity
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type II
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name tips of triangular shaped struct in medulla that drain into minor calyces
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papilla
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water always diffuses towards the hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic solution
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hypertonic
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into which struct do the renal papillae drain
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minor calyx
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whats the norm value for the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (bp)?
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55 mm Hg
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into which struct do the minor calyces drain
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major calyx
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a protein hormone made the the heart that helps regulate fluid retention/loss by the kidneys
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atrialnatriuretic peptide
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an enzyme produced by the kidneys which is used in the production of angiotensin II
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renin
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what is the norm value for the colloid pressure of bowmans capsule
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0
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a condition in which arteries of the brain are clogged, stopping blood flow to certain areas of the brain
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stroke
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an increased frequency of urination is
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polyurea
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describe the relative interstitial hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of a tissue capillary
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low
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what is the diameter for the tiny holes in the walls of the filtering capillaries of the kidneys allowing increased filtration
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70-90 nm
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ADH
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vasopressin
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approx what % of diabetes cases are type II
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90%
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whats is the primary defect in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
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lacking functional receptors for ADH
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what % of water or sodium is reabsorbed by the collecting ducts
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9.3%
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without regulation of GFR a slight increase in bp would
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cause a drastic increase in filtration
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what % of water or sodium is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules
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10%
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what % of water or sodium is reabsorbed by the loop of henle
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15%
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what must happen to the relative value of the glomerular hydrostatic pressure in order to decrease GFR (increase or decrease)
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decrease
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where does angiotensin I go to play it major role
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lungs
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what % of blood is made by proteins
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7%
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as blood approaches the venous end of a tissue capillary, fluid tends to go in or out of the capillary
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in
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into which struct does the renal pelvis drain
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ureter
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primary toxic nitrogenous waste product is produced by the degradation (metabolism) of nucleotide bases from RNA and ____
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DNA
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ANP activates sodium pump to pump 3 sodium ions into or out of the urine
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into
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what must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the bowmans capsule in order to decrease GFR (increase or decrease)
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decrease
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the sodium pump moves how many sodium ions into the urine
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three
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which mechanism of GFR regulation is based on the fact that a muscle contracts against being stretched
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myogenic mechanism
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a condition marked by the production of toxic coompounds causing a fruity smelling breath that may lead to coma due to diabetes melitus
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ketoacidosis
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if your body needed to increase urine output to regulate bp, would you see an increase or decrease of aldosterone
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decrease
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on section, triangular shaped struct are found in the medulla and contain the deeper renal loops and collecting ducts
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pyramids
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is ANP released due to an increase or decrease in bp
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increase
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which of the renal tubules drain into the loop of henle
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proximal convoluted tubule
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if the liver cannot produce plasma protein, due to liver failure, the blood becomes hypotonic. Fluid will move into or out of the blood
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out
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which substance is pumped into the urine due to ANP
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sodium
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describe the relative plasma hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of a tissue capillary
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low
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doe activation of the renin-angiotensin system cause an increase or decrease in bp
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increase
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what effect on water loss does antidiuretic hormone have
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reduces loss
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what is the name for a disease in which a patient is unable to produce ADH
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neurogenic diabetes insipidus
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what is the name for a disease that usually strikes the young in which the patient is unable to produce insulin
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type I diabetes mellitus
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ANP causes its effects by activating the ______
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sodium pump
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a reversible condition in which the blood vessels feeding the heart are damaged
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coronary artery disease
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the most common cause of renal failure
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acute tubular necrosis
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ADH causes its effects by vasoconstriction and _____
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water retention
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to which group of lipids does aldosterone belong
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steroids
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a condition thats indicated when renal funct is approx 10% or norm is
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end stage renal failure (ESRF)
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how does aldosterone cause water retention
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activates sodium pump in kidneys to reabsorb sodium
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the covering the surrounds the glomerulus
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bowmans capsule
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whats the diameter of the openings in the specialized cells that surround the filtering capillaries to aid the filtration process are
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30nm
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major toxic nitrogenous waste product found in our blood is
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urea
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in what urinary organ is the compound from that stimulates the production of RBCs produced
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kidney
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what happens to the afferent arteriole if the systemic bp rises
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vasoconstriction
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what must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the bowmans capsule in order to increase GFR (increase or decrease)
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increase
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the sodium pump moves how m any potassium ions out of urine
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two
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name the mechanism that creates an extremely hypertonic renal medulla
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counter current multiplier
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for osmosis, water follows which osmotically active particle
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sodium
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how much of the interstitial fluid is removes by the lymphatics
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10%
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what effect on urine output does a reduction in the receptors for ADH have
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increased
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into which structure do the major calyces drain
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renal pelvis
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the most common cause of end stage renal disease in western world
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diabetic nephropathy
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where is angiotensin I made
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liver
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does angiotensin II cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation
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vasoconstriction
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does renin angiotensin system activate due to an increase of decrease in bp
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decrease
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wheres aldosterone made
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adrenal cortex
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does release of more ADH increase or decrease bp
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increase
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w/out regulation of GFR a sligh decrease of only 15% in blood plasma would
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stop filtration
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is ADH released due to an increase or decrease in bp
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decrease
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what must happen to the relative value of the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure in order to increase GFR (increase or decrease)
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increase
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does angiotensin II cause an increase or decrease in bp
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increase
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what % of kidney stones are made of cystine
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less than 1%
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describe the relative plasma hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of a tissue capillary
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high
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how does the drug prednisone cause fluid rentention
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increase sodium resorption
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where is ANP made
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atria
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drugs that lower bp by blocking the production of angiotensin II are
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ACE inhibitors
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on what compound does renin act
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angiotensinogen
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which struct regulates the diameter of the afferent arteriole in the base of bp changes
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macula densa
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of the 2 major types of diabetes mellitus, which is less common
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type I
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which of the following is a disease of the renal pelvis and interstitium
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pyelonephritis
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as blood approaches the venous end of a tissue capillary, it becomes more _____
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hypertonic
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what is the approx osmolarity of the renal medulla
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1200 mOsm
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which of the renal tubules drain into the distal convoluted tubule
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loop of henle
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a type of water loss that you are aware of is
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sensible
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whats is the approx osmolarity of the renal cortex
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300 mOsm
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|
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vasopressin
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ADH
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how many sodium ions are pumped to the ECM to be reabsorbed by blood under the influence of aldosterone
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three
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diabetes causes clogging of the arteries of the eye resulting in a condition is
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retinopathy
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water lost by being exhaled from the lungs is known as
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insensible
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in diabetes insipidus, how much above normal can the urine output reach
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24 times
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presence of blood in urine is
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hematuria
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describe the relative interstitial hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of a tissue capillary
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high
|
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name the struct responsible fore CREATING an extremely hypertonic renal medulla
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loop of henle
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|
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what must happen to the relative value of the hydrostatic pressure of the bowmans capsule in order to increase GFR (increase or decrease)
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decrease
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water lost in feces is
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insensible
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into which struct does the ureter drain
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urinary bladder
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ANP activates the sodium pump to pump 2 potassium ions into or out of the urine to be reabsorbed by the body
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out of
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type of water loss that you are unaware of is
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insensible
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name the mechanism that MAINTAINS an extremely hypertonic renal medulla
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counter current exchanger
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in type I diabetes, does the patient typically gain or lose weight
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lose
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damage of capillaries througuhout the body due diabetes is
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microvascular disease
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describe the relative plasma colloid pressure at the venous end of a tissue capillary
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high
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|
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whats the norm value for the colloid pressure of blood
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30 mm Hg
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if bp falls what enzyme is released from the kidneys
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renin
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a condition in which the extremities swell to gigantic proportions due to blockage of the lymphatic vessels
|
elephantiasis
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very high bp seen in hypertension causes fluid to move into or out of the blood
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out
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what effect on water loss does Atrialnatriutretic hormone have
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increases water loss
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which of the renal tubules lies between the distal convoluted tubules and the renal papillae
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collecting duct
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if you smash your thumb in the car door, cells are damaged and spill their contents into the interstitium making it hypertonic. does fluid move into or out of intertitium
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into
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describe the relative plasma colloid pressure at the arterial end of a tissue capillary
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low
|
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an increase in blood volume has what effect in bp
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hypertension
|
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aldosterones major effect
|
water retention
|
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does and increase in urine output increase or decrease bp
|
decrease
|
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what must happen to the relative value of the colloid pressure of the glomerular capillary blood in order to increase GFR (increase or decrease)
|
decrease
|
|
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which mechanism of GFR regulation is based on the fact that macula densa causes a change in the diameter of the afferent tubule
|
tubulolomerular feedback mechanism
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primary toxic nitrogenous waste product produced by the degradation/metabolism of amino acids and _____
|
nucleotide bases
|
|
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where is angiotensin II made
|
lungs
|
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which of the renal tubules drain into the renal papillar/major calyx
|
collecting duct
|
|
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excretion of 3-5 protein per day is
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preoteinurea
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where is ADH stored and released
|
posterior pituitary gland
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a condition marked by renal funct that has dropped to approx 25% of norm
|
renal insufficiency
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as blood approaches the arterial end of a tissue capillary, fluid goes in or out of capillary
|
out
|
|
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what is the name for the disease that usually appears in adults in which the patient demonstrates the loss of norm funct of the insulin receptors
|
type II diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
which part of the nephron takes filtered blood from the glomerulus
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efferent arteriole
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|
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water loss in the urine is
|
sensible
|
|
|
clinical name for the condition in which plasma glucose levels are greater than 200 mg/dl
|
hyperglycemia
|
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condition in which the kidneys are excreting over 3.5 grams of protein per day due to glomerular damage
|
nephrotic syndrome
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destruction of blood vessels especially in legs due to diseases such as diabetes is
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peripheral vascular disease
|
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tips of these struct drain into the minor calyces
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pyramids
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if your body needed to increase urine output to regulate bp, would you see an increase or decrease in the release of ADH
|
decreased
|
|
|
for osmosis what generally follows the osmotically active particle sodium
|
water
|
|
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inflammation of urinary bladder is
|
cystitis
|
|
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type I diabetes may destroy the beta cells of the pancreas by
|
autoimmune mechanism
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what enzyme is responsible for changing angiotensin I into angiotensin II
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angiotensin converting enzyme
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|
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an incease in bp hs what effect on urine output
|
polyuria
|
|
|
an increased frequency of drinking is
|
polydipsia
|
|
|
most common cause of neurological damage in western world is
|
diabetic neuropathy
|
|
|
which compound allows the s. intestines to absorb calcium and phosphate for bone use
|
calcitrol or vitamin D3
|
|
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into which struct does urinary bladder drain
|
urethra
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|
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where is ADH made
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
clogging og the arteries is
|
arteriosclerosis
|
|
|
what effect on water loss does aldosterone have
|
reduce loss
|
|
|
what happens to the afferent arteriole if the systemic bp falls
|
vasodilation
|
|
|
tiny holes in walls of filtering capillaries of kidneys allowing increased filtration
|
fenestrae
|
|
|
if your body needed to increase urine output to regulate bp, would you see an increase or decrease in release of atrialnatriuretic peptide/hormone
|
increase
|
|
|
water that is lost directly through the skin via ild unnoticed perspiration is
|
insensible
|
|
|
most common form of kidney stones are
|
calcium oxylate
|
|
|
describe the relative interstitial colloid pressure are the venous end of a tissue capillary
|
low
|
|
|
how does ANP have its effect
|
increases sodium excretion
|
|
|
does an increase in bp, increase or decrease urine output
|
increase
|
|
|
describe the relative interstitial colloid pressure at the arteriole end of a tissue capillary
|
high
|
|
|
how many potassium ions are pumped into the urine to be excreted under the influence of aldosterone
|
2
|
|
|
which of the following is most common cause for renal failure
|
acute tubular necrosis
|
|
|
ADH causes its effects by water retention and _____
|
vasocontristion
|
|
|
where does renin have its effects
|
liver
|
|
|
a disease in which the glomeruli are involved leading to abnormalities in their ability to filter blood
|
glomerularnephritis
|
|
|
what is the name for a disease in which the patient is unable to produce receptors for ADH
|
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
|
|
|
which part of the nephron brings unfiltered blood to the glomerulus
|
afferent arteriole
|
|
|
approx how many of the basic filtering units of kidneys are located in each kidney
|
1 mill
|
|
|
specialized cells that surround the filtering capillaries to aid in the filtration process
|
podocytes
|
|
|
approx what % od diabetes mellitus cases are type I
|
10%
|
|
|
what % of water or sodium is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules
|
65%
|
|
|
how does ADH cause water retention
|
turns on protein synthesis of water channels in kidneys
|
|
|
what structure in the kidneys indirectly monitors bp through urine flow
|
macula densa
|
|
|
a condition in which the patient demonstrates an abnormally high blood urine nitrogen and high levels of creatine accompanied by neuropathies such as encephalopathy
|
uremia
|
|
|
a pathogenic condition demonstrating an increased in BUM and creatine
|
azotemia
|
|
|
does the release of atrialnatriuretic peptide increase or decrease bp/ blood volume
|
decrease
|
|
|
what is the norm value for bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure
|
15 mm Hg
|
|
|
% of kidney stones are made of uric acid
|
7%
|
