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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is LD50?
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Lethal dose 50--> dose that causes death in 50% of those exposed
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What is LD99?
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Lethal dose 1--> dose that causes death in 1% of those exposed
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How do you calculate therapeutic index (TI)?
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(TD50 or LD50)/ED50
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What is TLV?
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Threshold limit values
Used in industrial toxicology |
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What is bioaccumulation?
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increasing concentration chemical in an organism d/t chemicophysical properties
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What is biomagnification?
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increasing concentration of the chmical w/each progressive link of the food chain
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What does supradditive mean?
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1+1=3
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What does potentiation mean?
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1+0=10
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What do you NOT give ipecac?
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No gag reflex
corrosives or hydrocarbons |
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Flush appearance, dizziness, confusion, anxiety
Death d/t respiratory arrest. These are symptoms of what? |
Cyanide poisoning
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Which poison works by binding to cytochrome a-a3 oxidase complex?
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Cyanide
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How do you treat cyanide poisoning?
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Stabilize w/O2
Give amyl nitrite to release cyanide & form thiocyanate |
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Where are aflatoxins found?
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Grain mold=aspergillus flavus
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Nausea, vomiting, severe GI bleading
Jaundice Hepatocellular carcinoma. What are these symptoms of? |
Aflatoxin poisoning
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Which poison works by reducing hepatic glycogen stores & increasing hepatic lipids? Cellular necrosis also results.
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Aflatoxin
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How do you treat aflatoxin poisoning?
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Stabilize patient & maintain fluid & electrolyte levels.
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What is trichloroethylene used for?
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Degreasing agent in metallurgy
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Drowsiness, weakness, confusion, coma & rspiratory depression.
Fatal ventricular arrhythmia. Symptoms of what poison? |
Trichloroethylene
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N-acetylcysteine is the treatment for what poison?
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Acetaminophen
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What are the characteristics of an ideal chelator?
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Nontoxic
Highly water soluble Resistance to biotransformation Ability to reach storage site Chelation of metal @ physiologic pH Complex of metal & chelator is less toxic than free metal Low affinity for Ca Higher affinity for metal than for endogenous ligands |
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Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and abdominal pain followed by elevation of liver enzymes & jaundice are symptoms of what?
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Acetaminophen poisoning
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Which poison works by depleting glutathione & covalently binding to sulfhydryl groups in liver cells & causing liver peroxidation?
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Acetaminophen
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What 2 things does N-acetylcysteine do?
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Bind toxic metabolite
Replenish glutathione |
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What is acetaminophen metabolized by?
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Cyt P450
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Vomiting & blood diarrhea followed by relapse then shock, seizures, and hepatic failure are symptoms of what poison?
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Acute Fe poisoning
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What poison has a corrosive effect on mucosal tissue &, once absorbed, causes cellular dysfunction leading to metabolic acidosis & necrosis?
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Iron
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How is acute iron poisoning treated?
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Treat shock d/t hemorrhaging
If Serum iron is greater than TIBC-->treat w/deferoxime (iron chelator) |
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What is defuroxime?
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Iron chelator
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Nausea, constipation or diarrhea, abdominal pain, mental retardation, line on gums, and peripheral neuropathy are signs of what poison?
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Chronic lead poisoning
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What poison binds sulfhydryl groups & interferes with enzymatic processes including HgB synthesis?
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Lead
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What poison causes segmental peripheral nerve demyelination?
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Lead
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How do you treat lead poisoning?
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Maintain urinary output
Chalte w/dimercaprol or calcium EDTA |
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Calcium EDTA is used to treat what?
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Chronic lead poisoning
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Dimercaprol is used to treat what?
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Chronic lead poisoning
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Naloxone treats what?
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Opiate OD
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Intoxication, an increased osmolar gap, metabolic anion gap acidosis, hyperventilation, and renal failure are symptoms of what poisoning?
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Ethylene glycol
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What poison is metabolized by EtOH dehydrogenase to glycoaldehyde which becomes glycolic glycoxylic & oxalic acids?
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Ethylene glycol
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What poison causes deposition of calcium oxalate in tissue?
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Ethylene glycol
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How do you treat ethylene glycol poisoning?
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Ethanol
Fomepizole Hemodialysis |
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Where are amatoxins found?
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Amanita mushrooms
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Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea for 1+ days followed by remission then increased hepatic transaminase levels & jaudnice w/metabolic acidosis are symptoms of what poison?
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Amatoxin poisoning
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What poison acts by inhibiting RNA Pol II?
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Amatoxin
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How do you treat mushroom poisoning?
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Treat fluid & electrolyte losses aggressively
Administer activated charcoal Liver transplantation |
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What is the antidote for jimsonweed?
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Physostigmine
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Gi irritation followed by hemorrhagic gastritis can be caused by what poison?
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Ricin
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What poison disrupts protein synthesis by binding to 60S ribosome?
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Ricin
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What is the active form of ricin?
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Lectin ricin
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How do you treat ricin poisoning?
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Activated charcoal
Treat fluid & electrolyte loss |
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When would you want to administer sodium bicarbonate?
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To increase excretion of weak acids by increasing urine pH
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When would you want to administer ammonia chloride?
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To increase excretion of weak bases by decreasing urine pH
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When would you want to administer ascorbic acid?
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To increase excretion of weak bases by decreasing urine pH
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What does carbenicillin interact with?
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Aminoglycosides-->inactivation d/t amide formation
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What does tetracycline interact with?
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-Precipitates sulfonamides
-Chelates calcium |
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What is the effect of laxatives on drug absorption?
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Decreases drug absorption d/t incresed motility
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What increases the response to oral anticoagulants?
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Antibiotics
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What increases the pH of the stomach?
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H2 blockers
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What is a dangerous drug interaction of thiazide diuretics?
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Decrease of potassium
Dangerous when used w/digoxin |
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Diuretics decrease the renal toxicity of what drug?
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Cisplatin
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What drugs induce other drugs?
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Phenobarbital
Rifampin Pollutant |
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What enzyme does chronic ethanol use induce?
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CYP2E1
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What drugs inhibit other drugs?
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Chrlomaphenicol
Disulfiram |
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What is a dangerous interaction w/cimetidine?
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Inhibition of metabolism of propranolol & theophylline
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What is synergy?
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1+1=3
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What drug acts synergistically w/hydralazine?
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Propranolol-->decreases peripheral resistance
Can cause reflex tachycardia |
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What is a physiological alteration caused by ethanol?
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increases membrane fluidity-->increases Cl influx
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What drug's effects are increased synergistically w/EtOH?
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GABA
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What drug has a dangerous interaction w/black licorice?
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Digoxin-->hypokalemia d/t production of glycrrhizic acid
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What durg interacts w/grapefruit juice?
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Ca channel blockers
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What is the interaction of Ca channel blockers & grapefruit juice?
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Furanocoumarins in juice inhibits CYP3A4 -->inhibits metabolism of Ca channel blockers-->increases verapamil concentration-->myocardial depression & HTN
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What is the clinical result of Ca channel blockers taken with grapefruit juice?
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Hypotension
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What drug interacts w/warfarin?
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Phenobarbital.
Phenobarbital decreases the effect of warfarin-->dosage is increased while on warfarin Removal from phenobarbital-->warfarin goes way up so does PTT |
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What drug interaction results in a dangerous increase in acetaldehyde concentrations?
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Disulfiram & ethanol
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How does disulfiram interact w/ethanol?
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inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
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What causes causes increased digoxin concentrations?
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Quinidine
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What drug interacts with quinidine?
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Digoxin
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What interacts w/rifabutin?
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Clarithromycin-->increase of drug & metabolites
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