Renal Physiology Module 13.1 Questions Spring 2010

Front 1

What is the main function of the Glomerulus?

Back 1

Filtration of blood

Front 2

What is the main function of the Proximal tubule?

Back 2

Bulk reabsorption of filtered water and solute.

Front 3

What is the main function of the Thin limbs of the loop of Henle?

Back 3

Maintenance of medullary hypertonicity by countercurrent exchange.

Front 4

What is the main function of the Thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

Back 4

Na+, K+, Cl- reabsorption, generation of medullary hypertonicity, dilution of tubule fluid, reabsorption of divalent cations.

Front 5

What is the main function of the Distal Convuluted Tubule?

Back 5

NaCl reabsorption, dilution of tubule fluid, reabsorption of divalent cations.

Front 6

What is the main function of the Collecting Duct System?

Back 6

Final control of excretion rates of electrolytes, urea, acid-base and water.

Front 7

How much cardiac output do the kidney's receive?

Back 7

25%

Front 8

What are the five main functions of the kidneys?

Back 8

Filtering of blood to remove metabolic wastes.

Maintenance of water balance.

Maintenance of electrolyte balance.

Maintenance of acid-base homeostasis.

Functions as an endocrine gland to produce the hormones erythropoietin and renin.

Front 9

The medial border of the kidney is usually concave and has a depression, the _______, where blood vessels and nerves enter and the ureter and lymphatic vessels leave.

Back 9

The Renal Hilus.

Front 10

The expanded origin of the ureter within the kidney is called the _______. It receives urine from the collecting tubules of the kidney.

Back 10

The Renal Pelvis.

Front 11

The cavity within the kidney that contains the pelvis is called the _______.

Back 11

The Renal Sinus.

Front 12

The portion of the kidney immediately surrounding the renal pelvis is the _____, which appears striated because of the radially arranged collecting tubules. In addition to the collecting tubules, the ____ also contains some loops of Henle.

Back 12

Medulla.

Front 13

The _____, located between the medulla and the thin, connective-tissue capsule, has a granular appearance because of the large number of ______. Proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules are located in the ____ in addition to many loops of Henle. The ____ is divided into an inner juxtamedullary zone and an outer cortical zone.

Back 13

Cortex, Renal Corpuscles, Cortex, Cortex.

Front 14

What species have MULTIPYRAMIDAL kidneys?

Back 14

Human.

Pig.

Cow.

Front 15

In the human and pig, the outer surface of the kidney is ____. The cow has a _____ kidney.

Back 15

Humans/Pig: Smooth

Cow: Lobulated.

Front 16

In the multipyramidal kidney, the medulla is divided into these ____. At their apex, they terminate into renal papillas.

Back 16

Renal pyramids.

Front 17

In the multipyramidal kidney, the individual pyramids project into ____ which then empty into ____ .

Back 17

Minor calyces, Major calyces.

Front 18

True or False:

The cow has a renal pelvis.

Back 18

False!

The cow has no renal pelvis, the major calyces empty directly into the ureter.

Front 19

What species have a UNIPYRAMIDAL kidney?

Back 19

Horse.

Sheep.

Dog.

Cat.

Llama.

Rodents.

Front 20

True or False:

In the unipyramidal kidney, the renal pyramids are fused so that all the collecting tubules empty into a longitudinal ridge (renal crest) into the renal pelvis.

Back 20

True!

Front 21

The horse possesses these which are at the extreme ends of the renal pelvis in their kidney.

Back 21

Terminal recesses.

Front 22

What makes up the nephron? (The functional unit of the kidney)

Back 22

The glomerulus (Where blood is filtered)

The renal tubules (From which filtered substances may be reabsorbed and/or plasma components may be secreted into the tubular fluid).

Front 23

What does the nephron join with in the cortex of the kidney?

Back 23

The collecting duct system.

Front 24

What capillaries surround all nephron tubules and drain into the interlobular veins?

Back 24

The peritubular capillaries.

Front 25

Where do the vasa recta derived from the peritubular capillaries go?

Back 25

They descend into the medulla to form a network of hairpin turns around the Loop of Henle.

They then ascend back to the cortex and anastomose with the peritubular capillaries.

Front 26

True or False:

The kidneys have NO parasympathetic innervation.

Back 26

True!

However, they DO receive SYMPATHETIC innervation from the Celiac plexus.

Front 27

What two substances are released by adrenergic fibers in the kidney?

Back 27

Norepinephrine and Dopamine.

Front 28

Renin-producing granular cells are innervated by sympathetic nerves. Does increased sympathetic activity increase or decrease renin secretion?

Back 28

Increase.

Front 29

What does activation of the nerve fibers of the Loop of Henle, proximal tubule, distal tubule and collect duct do?

Back 29

Increases sodium reabsorption in the corresponding segment.

Front 30

When would avoidence be an appropriate approach to resolving conflict?

Back 30

When the issue is trivial, there is no chance of satisfying your own concern others can solve the conflict more effectively and the damage of confronting outweighs the benefits of resolution

Front 31

True or False:

The muscle fibers of the neck of the bladder for the internal sphincter, which is a true muscle sphincter.

Back 31

False!

The internal sphincter is just at thickening of the bladder wall formed by converging muscle fibers, and not a true sphincter.

Front 32

True or False:

The External sphincter of the bladder is under voluntary control.

Back 32

True!

This muscle is better developed in males than in females.

Front 33

What is Micturition?

Back 33

The act of emptying the urine from the urinary bladder.

Front 34

Is micturition a reflex or a controlled response?

Back 34

It is normally a reflex activity stimulated by distention of the bladder from a constant inflow of urine from the ureters.

Front 35

Does interruption of the hypogastric or pudendal nerve to the urinary tract affect micturition?

Back 35

No.

Destruction of the parasympathetic nerves, however, will result in complete bladder dysfunction.

Front 36

What are three drugs used to decrease bladder tone?

Back 36

Propantheline (anticholinergic)

Aminopromazine (smooth muscle relaxant)

Oxybutynin (anticholinergic)

Front 37

What is a drug used to increase bladder tone?

Back 37

Bethanechol (Parasympathetic)

Front 38

What are three drugs used to decrease urethral tone?

Back 38

Phenoxybenzamine (alpha-adrenergic blocker)

Diazepam (skeletal muscle relaxant)

Dantrolene (skeletal muscle relaxant)

Front 39

What are four drugs used to increase urethral tone?

Back 39

Ephedrine (alpha-adrenergic agonist)

Phenylpropanolamine (alpha-adrenergic agonist)

Imipramine (tricyclic antidepressant, inhibits norepinephrine uptake)

Diethylstilbestrol (female sex hormone)