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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are the kidneys located
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outside the peritoneum, at about T12 which makes them vulnerable
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Where is urine created
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in the renal cortex and renal medulla
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Place the path of urine excretion in order
into ureter, drains out end of renal papilla, formed in renal cortex and renal medulla, into renal pelvis, into bladder |
renal cortex/medulla - drains out end of renal papilla, - into ureter- into bladder
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Major Functions of Kidney are regulation of what
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-osmolality of body fluid
-volume of extracellular fluid -concentrations of electrolytes of extracellular fluid -acid-base balance |
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Functions of the kidney also include
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clearance of metabolic waste products (urea, uric acid, creatinine)
- production of special hormones (erythropoietin, renin, thromboxane) |
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What is the kidneys primary function
a) reglation of acid-base balance b) production of renin, erythtopoietin, prostaglandins and thromboxane c) clearance of urea, uric acid & creatinine |
clearance of urea, uric acid & creatinine
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In the acid-base process the kidneys are responsible for removal of what?
Lungs are responsible for removal of what? |
acid
base (CO2) |
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The size of a kidney is about the size of what?
Is the right or left kidney slightly lower? |
size of fist
right kidney is slightly lower d/t liver |
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True/False The urinary system regulates volume and composition of body fluids
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True
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One result of metabolic wastes is nitrogenous wastes such as
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ammonia (TOXIC) NH3
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Ammonia is formed by
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protein catabolism
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what is ammonia converted to
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urea CO(NH2)2 which is converted to uric acid
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What organ converts ammonia to urea
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Liver
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Uric acid can cause
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Gout, (crystallization, inflammation)
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Creatinine is the metabolic product of
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skeletal muscle
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what is the outside layer of the kidney called
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capsule
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what is the layer just below the cortex called
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medulla
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Urine leaving nephrons flows into the __________ prior to passing through the __________into the bladder
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renal pelvis
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Urine is collected in the
a)ureter b) renal pelvis c) medulla |
renal pelvis
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if urine refluxes back into renal pelvis what could develop
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UTI
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What part of the kidney tubule system secretes urea?
a) bowman's capsule b) distal tubule c) loop of henle d) proximal tubule |
c) loop of henle
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Ammonia is the result of metabolism of what
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protein
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True/False the body needs a certain amount of urea
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True
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What is the functional unit of the kidney
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Nephron
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Where is the nephron found
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cortex and medulla
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True/False urine is created in the nephrons and drains into the collecting ducts
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True
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How many nephron are found in one kidney
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1,000,000,000
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Homeostatic regulation of pH by kidney is (fast/slow)
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Slow
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When BP drops as a result of decrease ECF what 2 body systems work together to keep blood pressure and tissue perfusion within an acceptable range
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kidney and cardiovascular
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What is the normal osmolarity
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290mOsM
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The kidneys keep concentrations of ions within a nml range by balancing ___________ intake with ______________ loss
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dietary
urinary |
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What ion is the major ion involved in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity
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Na++
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What other ions are closely regulated by the kidney besides Na++
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K+, Ca++
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If ECF becomes too acidic what does the kidney do
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removes the H+ and conserves the bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
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What is the function of HCO3 in the kidneys
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acts as a buffer
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when the ECF becomes too alkaline, what do the kidneys do
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remove HCO3 and conserve h+
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True/False Hormones are cleared from the body by the kidneys
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True
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What is the function of renin
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it is an enzyme that regulates the production hormones involved in Na+ balance and BP homeostasis
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True/False Renal enzymes convert vitamin D3 into a hormone that regulates Ca++ balance
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True
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How much kidney function must you lose before homeostasis is affected
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3/4
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How much cardiac output do the kidneys receive
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20-25% this high flow is critical to renal function
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About what percentage of nephrons are located completely within the cortex
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80%
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What are the nephrons that dip into the medulla called
a) medulla-nephron b) distal nephron c) juxtamedullary |
juxtamedullary
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True/False the loop of henle is found in the medulla of the kidney
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True
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The function of the Renal portal system is to filter__________out of blood and then _____________fluid back into the blood at the peritublular capillaries
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fluid
reabsorb |
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What is the glomerulus
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a network of capillaries
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What is the Bowman's capsule
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the initial segment of the renal tubule, it receives filtered fluid from the glomerular capillaries
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The Renal corpuscle is made up of
a) Bowman's capsule b) glomerulus c) loop of henle d) both a & b |
both a & b
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As people age there is a ________% decrease in the amount of nephrons per decade
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7-8%
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Each nephron has ____ arterioles and ___sets of capillaries associated with it
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2
2 |
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Efferent arterioles are made up of _______muscle with a (small/large) diameter and (low/high) resistance
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smooth
small high |
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The two sets of capillaries in the nephron are
a) glomerulus b) peritubular c) juxtaglomerular d) both a & b |
both a & b
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What do the peritubular capillaries wrap around?
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distal convuluted tube
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True/False The loop of henle is composed of two limbs thin descending limb and ascending limb
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True
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How many distal tubules can drain into one collecting duct?
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8
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collecting ducts pass from the _______ through the _________ and drain into the renal __________
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cortex, medulla, pelvis
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The fluid that drains from the renal pelvis is called
a)urea b) uric acid c) urine |
urine
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The area of the loop of henle that passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles is known as
a) juxtaglomerular apparatus b) renal corpuscle c) proximal tubule |
juxtaglomerular apparatus
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The proximity of the ascending limb of the loop of henle and the arterioles allow __________ communication which allows the kidney to autoregulate
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paracrine
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Blood flows in which order
efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, afferent arteriole, vasa recta |
afferent arteriole, peritublular capillaries, vasa recta, efferent arterioles
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of 3 different types of cells
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MACULA DENSA (tubular epithelium)
GRANULAR CELLS (smooth muscle of afferent arterioles) EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESENGIAL (support structure between capillaries) |
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What protolytic enzyme is secreted by the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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Renin (makes angiotensin, control of BP)
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What is the function of Tubuloglomerular feedback
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regulation of tubular fluid/filtration
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What does the filtrate flowing through the bowman's capsule consist of
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H2O, some organic/inorganic molecules
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What are the 4 processes of urine formation
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Filtration: blood to lumen
Reabsorption: lumen to blood Secretion: blood to lumen Excretion: lumen to external environment |
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a _______________unit
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regulatory
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The vascular system that wraps it self around the juxtamedullary nephron is called
a) vasa recta b) loop of henle c) macula densa |
a) vasa recta
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The majority of the juxtamedullary nephron is found in
a) cortex b) medulla c) bowman's capsule |
b) medulla
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In glomerular filtration the passage of macromolecules through the barrier are affected by
a) pore size b) electrical charge c) size of the lumen of bowman's capsule d) both a & b |
d) both a & b
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Are proteins (rbc's) electrically charged? What does this mean when it comes to filtration, will they stay in capillary or be filtered out?
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Yes, LARGE protein (rbc's) will stay in capillary because they are electrically charged, and the pores are too small to allow the blood cells through
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What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
a) 50ml/min b) 125ml/min c) 180ml/min d) 1 L/min |
b) 125ml/min
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Functions of the kidney's include all but one of the following
a) regulation of blood protein levels b) regulation of extracellular fluid volume c)maintenance of ion balance in body fluids d) regulation of blood osmolarity e) homeostatic regulation of blood pH |
a) regulation of blood protein levels
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Renal corpuscle contains
a) bowman's capsule b) loop of Henle c) renal papilla d) glomerulus e) both a & d |
e) both a & d
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The majority of nephrons are found in
a) medulla b) renal pelvis c) cortex d) major calyx |
c) cortex
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Peritubular capillaries are wrapped around the cortical nephron, while the vasa recta is wrapped around
a) collecting duct b) juxtamedullary nephron c) glomerulus d) renal corpuscle |
b) juxtamedullary nephron
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The three processes of the nephron are
a) Filtration b) Excretion c) Reabsorption d) Secretion |
Filtration, Reabsorption
Secretion |
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Reabsorption involves the process of moving
a) filtrate from the tubule back into blood b) filtrate from blood back into tubule |
filtrate from the tubule back into blood
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Secretion involves the process of moving
a) filtrate from the tubule back into blood b) filtrate from blood back into tubule |
filtrate from blood back into tubule
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a regulatory unit & is made up of 3 different types of cells which of the following is found in the afferent arterioles and secretes renin
a) extraglomerular mesangial cells b) granular cells c) macula densa cells |
b) granular cells
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What are the 3 layers of the glomerular filtration barrier
a) podocyte cell (cytoplasmic) b) glomerular basement membrane c) basal lamina d) capillary endothelium |
podocyte cell (cytoplasmic)
glomerular basement membrane capillary endothelium |
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How many liters of fluid are filtered through the kidney each day
a) 100 b) 180 c) 80 d) 280 |
180
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Match the location in nephron with it's osmolarity
bowman's capsule 100mOsm End prox tublule 1200mOsm end loop Henle 300mOsm collecting duct 300mOsm |
Bowman's 300
prox tubule 300 loop of Henle 1200 collecting duct 100 |
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What is the net filtration pressure maintained in glomerular filtration
a) 55mmHg b) 10mmHg c) 30mmHg d) 15mmHg |
10mmHg
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If there is increased resistance in the efferent arteriole what is the effect
a) increase osmotic pressure b) increased hydrostatic pressure c) decreased osmotic pressure d) decreased hydrostatic pressure |
increased hydrostatic pressure
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What is the function of the podocytes in the bowman's capsule epithelium
a) filtration slits b) vasoconstriction c) reabsorption |
filtration slits
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Reabsorption occurs when proximal/distal tubule cells transport ___________out of the lumen and water follows by diffusion/osmosis
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proximal
solutes osmosis |
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As the filtrate passes through the loop of Henle, more/less solute is reabsorbed compared to H2O, and the filtrate becomes hyposmotic/hyperosmotic realtive to the plasma
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More
hyposmotic |
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True/False Reabsorption and secretion determine the final composition of the filtrate
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True
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Which area is the only area that filtration takes place
a) loop of Henle b) bowman's capsule c) distal tubule d) proximal tubule |
bowman's capsule
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Of the following where does secretion NOT take place
a) proximal tubule b) distal tubule c) loop of Henle d) it takes place in all of these places |
c) loop of Henle
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Which of the following places does reabsorption take place in
a) proximal tubule b) distal tubule c) loop of Henle d) all of the above e) a & b only |
all of the above
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The amount of solute excreted is equal to
a) amt reabsorbed - amt filtered + amt secreted b) amt filtered - amt reabsorbed + amt secreted c) amount secreted - amount filtered + amt reabsorbed |
amt filtered - amt reabsorbed + amt secreted = amt of solute excreted
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When too much NaCl is detected by macula densa as it passes thru juxtamedullary apparatus what occurs
a) granular cells secrete renin b) afferent arteriole constricts c) GFR decreases d) all of the above |
all of the above
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Increased resistance of efferent arteriole decreases
a) renal blood flow b) GFR c) hydrostatic pressure d) osmotic pressure |
renal blood flow
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Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole increases
a) resistance b) renal blood flow c) capillary pressure d) GFR |
resistance
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Increased resistance of efferent arteriole increased
a) renal blood flow b) GFR c) hydrostatic pressure d) osmotic pressure e) b & c |
b & c
GFR hydrostatic pressure |
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Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole decreases
a) resistance b) renal blood flow c) hydrostatic pressure d) GFR e) b, c & d |
b, c & d
renal blood flow hydrostatic pressure GFR |
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If the afferent arteriole dilates what happens
a) increased renal blood flow b) increased GFR c) increased hydrostatic pressure d) all of the above |
increased renal blood flow
increased GFR increased hydrostatic pressure |
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Auto regulation of GFR is accomplished by
a) myogenic response b) tubuloglomerular feedback c) none of the above d) both of the above |
myogenic response ( respond to stretch, if high renal blood flow influx of Ca++ cause vasoconstriction)
tubuloglomerular feedback ( low BP causes afferent arteriole to constrict, increasing resistance and decreasing GFR) |
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Vasomediators (constrictors) that regulate renal blood are
a) endothelin b) angiotensin II c) NE d) Thromboxane A2 e) adenosine f) all of the above |
CONSTRICTORS
endothelin angiotensin II NE Thromboxane A2 adenosine |
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Vasomediators (DILATORS) that regulate renal blood are
a) Nitric oxide b) Ach c) prostaglandin d) kinin e) all of the above |
DILATORS
Nitric oxide Ach prostaglandin kinin |
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When GFR increases describe the tubuglomerular feedback mechanism to maintain a constant GFR
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inc. GFR - inc. flow thru tubule- in. flow past macula densa
- cause paracrine release (Nitric Oxide, adenosine, etc) -cause afferent art. constrict - cause dec. hydrostatic press -cause dec GFR |
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Of the following which molecules are actively reabsorbed (active transport)
a) Na b) glucose c) phosphate d) urea e) a, b & c f) all of the above |
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Na glucose phosphate |
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Of the following which are passively reabsorbed
a) urea b) chloride c) water d) phosphate e) a, b & c |
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
urea chloride water |
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When Na is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule which of the following could go with it
a) K+ b) glucose c) Ca++ d) Phosphate e) both a & d |
glucose & phosphate, they are CO-TRANSPORTED
Na helps it move in against its gradient and then Na is pumped out by Na+-K+- ATPase |
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Passive reabsorption occurs in
a) distal tubule b) collecting duct c) proximal tubule d) loop of Henle |
proximal tubule
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True/False Glucose excretion is zero until renal threshold is reached
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True
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Anion (such as Cl-) reabsorption is accomplished by
a) active transport b) electrochemical gradient c) diffusion d) osmosis |
electrochemical gradient
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How much Na is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
a) 20% b) 70% c) 15% d) 99% |
70%
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How much Na is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle
a) 20% b) 70% c) 15% d) 99% |
20%
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In the loop of Henle the Co-transporters can be
a) Na+ b) K+ c) Cl- d) all of the above |
Na+, K+, Cl-
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True/False Na reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct DETERMINES the final concentration of Na
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True
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Which endogenous chemical regulates Na reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct
a) vasopressin b) ADH c) aldosterone d) NE |
aldosterone
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What cells located in the collecting duct are responsible for secreting K+
a) podocytes b) granular cells c) principal cells d) macula densa |
principal cells
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True/False Low pressure in the peritubular capillary favors reabsorption
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True
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Which of the following endogenous chemicals are needed for the regulation of K+ that is filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted in the kidney
a) ADH b) vasopressin c) aldosterone d) NE |
aldosterone
aldosterone diffuses into principle cell in distal nephron and combines with receptor (intracel) which then triggers transcription - form new channels & pumps rehabs older pumps results in increased Na reabsorb and K+ secretion |
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True/False Tubular reabsorption of water determines the urine flow rate and osmolarity of urine
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True
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In the counter current multiplier theory
the filtrate in the loop of Henle is a) hyperosmotic b) isosmotic c) hyposmotic |
hyperosmotic B/C H2O IS ALLOWED TO MOVE OUT BUT IONS MUST STAY IN
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In the counter current multiplier theory
the filtrate in the ascending tubule is a) hyperosmotic b) isosmotic c) hyposmotic |
hyposmotic B/C H2O STAYS IN AND IONS MOVE OUT
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True/False in the absence of vasopressin the collecting duct is impermeable to water and the urine will be dilute
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True (osmolarity of urine will be low)
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Vasopressin from post. pituitary binds to collecting duct and activates cAMP system. What does this second messenger system initiate?
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Cause aquaporin 2 water pores to insert in the membrane wall to make cell membrane permeable to H2O
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Which of the following physiological changes causes and increase in Aldosterone secretion?
a) decreased blood vol r/t hemmorrhage b) increased ECF K+ c) decreased osmolarity d) all of the above |
all of the above
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hypertonic solutions cause cells to
a) shrink b) swell c) there is no change |
shrink
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hypotonic solutions cause cells to
a) shrink b) swell c) there is no change |
swell
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isotonic solutions cause cells to
a) shrink b) swell c) there is no change |
there is no change
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Angiotensin II
a) stimulates thirst b) causes release of ADH c) synthesis and release of aldosterone d) all the above |
stimulates thirst
causes release of ADH synthesis and release of aldosterone |
