Renal - Path Of Bladder/ua

Front 1

Urothelium:

Superficial layer:

Deep layer:

Bubbles in urine:

Fibrous tissue occluding the lumen:

3 places for ureteral stones?

Back 1

Superficial - broad, flat umbrella (balloon) cells

Deep - basal cells can flatten out

Bubbles from mucin produced by urothelium

stricture

pelvis-ureter, ureter crosses pelvic brim, ureter-bladder

Front 2

obstruction to urinary flow during fetal life causes:

common birth defect, causes reflux, predisposes to kidney infections, important cause of kidney failure in children:

_______ disease is a common cause of hydroureter.

Follicular ureteritis is big _______.

Back 2

cystic dysplasia

incompetent ureterovesical valve

Chagas'

Lymph nodes

Front 3

Failure of the pubis to form properly causes bladder ______.

urine dribbling out through the navel:

dropping of bladder into caudal pelvis:

muscle bundles (trabeculae) become more visible:

Back 3

exstrophy

patent/persistent urachus

cystocele

hypertrophy of bladder wall

Front 4

"pis a deux" caused by ____________.

Bladder stones usually result from _________, composed of __________.

Encrusted cystitis is due to splitting of ______, and usually caused by __________.

_________ prevents E. coli from forming fimbriae

Back 4

diverticula in bladder

infection
Mg++, NH4+, PO4

urea
C. urealyticum

Cranberry juice

Front 5

reactive overgrowth (collagen, extra ground substance) to ongoing inflammation:

Chemotherapy cystitis results from use of __________ (2)

Cytoxan cells have _________ nuclei and __________ cytoplasm.

macrophage-rich response to Proteus infections:

Back 5

polypoid cystitis

cyclophosphamide
busulfan

hyperchromatic nuclei
scant cytoplasm

Malakoplakia

Front 6

Poorly-understood process, all 3 layers of bladder become chronically inflamed:

Increase in ________ showing signs of activation:

pain is due to excess urothelial permeability to _____.

What do you see visible on cystoscopy?

Back 6

Hunner's interstitial cystitis

mast cells

K+

new vessel formations - glomerulations

Front 7

Little balls of urothelial-type cells in the lamina propria of the bladder:

Brunn's nest with a hole in the middle

Cystitis cystica producing mucin:

Squamous metaplasia results from infection with _________.

Back 7

Brunn's nests

Cystitis cystica

Cystitis glandularis

Schistosoma hematobium

Front 8

Bladder cancer:

Flat lesions: loss of ___ and ____.

Papillary lesions: loss of ____ and _____.

discomfort likely:

hematuria likely:

flat urothelial hyperplasia = _____ cells thick.

Back 8

Flat: RB1, p53

Papillary: mutant H-ras, overexpressed EGFR

discomfort = flat

hematuria = papillary

>7 cells

Front 9

Urothelial carcinoma in situ:

A few anaplastic cells scattered among normal cells:

Bladder looks _______ on cystoscopy.

Risk factors for urothelial carcinoma?

Back 9

Pagetoid

lamina propria infected, so smooth and red

smoking, dyes, phenacetin, cyclophosphamide, Aristolochia (chinese diet drug), indwelling catheter

Front 10

2 spots for adenocarcinoma in the bladder:

Common cancer in Egypt, schistosoma infection:

Children more prone to _________.

Tubules resembling LOH/CD's extend into it, papillary mass of loose, inflamed CT with hobanil cells:

Back 10

urachus, trigone

SCC of bladder

rhabdomyosarcoma

nephrogenic adenoma (in medulla)

Front 11

Pts with urethritis should be asked about _________ consumption.

Which urine is best for ability to concentrate urine, nitrite/protein?

yellow color of urine is from:

"amber" color in urine:

Back 11

jalapeno

first-voided

urochrome

bilirubin

Front 12

smoky brown urine:

dark orange urine:

bright blue urine:

fluorescent yellow:

foamy:

turbid/cloudy:

Back 12

altered blood, alkaptonuria, melanin, rhubarb, cascara

drugs (rifampin, pyridium)

methylene blue

vitamins

proteinuria, conjugated bili

WBC's, urates, phosphates

Front 13

funny smelling post-asparagus:

Spec grav < 1.07:

Spec grav fixed at 1.010:

Most sensitive indicator of renal disease?

Back 13

autosomal dominant, methanethiol

diabetes insipidus, fluid loading

renal tubular dysfxn

proteinuria

Front 14

Seen in plasma cell myeloma, macroglobulinemia, lymphoma:

________ and _______can cause a false negative glucose.

__________ can cause a false positive.

_________ can cause a false positive ketones.

Back 14

Bence-Jones protein

Vitamin C, tetracycline

hypochlorite bleach

L-DOPA metabolites, phthalein dyes, cystinuria

Front 15

Presence of ________ suggests bacterial action.

in _________ hematuria, dysmorphic RBC's:

Precipitated protein/matrix secretions:

WBC casts:

RBC casts:

Back 15

nitrites

glomerular

casts

pyelonephritis

nephritic syndrome, glomerulopathy

Front 16

Crystals:

Ca oxalate?

cystine?

Mg

/NH4/PO4?

Back 16

Ca oxalate = stones, also spinach, Vitamin C, ethylene glycol poisoning

cystine = proximal tubule can't absorb, cystinuria

Mg/NH4/PO4 = Proteus infection