Renal Ms1 - Anatomy2

Front 1

where are the kidneys located

Back 1

retroperitoneally on posterior abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column

Front 2

what is the function of kidney

Back 2

constancy of fluids - homeostasis
regulate volume of blood, maintaining h20 and salts and acid/base balance

Front 3

what hormones does the kidney produce

Back 3

renin and erythropoietin

Front 4

what does renin do

Back 4

increase blood pressure

Front 5

what does erythropoietin do

Back 5

increases RBC production

Front 6

what vertebral level are the kidneys at

Back 6

12th thoracic to 3rd lumbar

Front 7

which kidney is positioned lower and why

Back 7

right kidney due to presence of liver

Front 8

the lateral surface of the kidney is ____
and medial surface is _____ in shape

Back 8

convex and concave

Front 9

where is the hilus and what structure does it lead into

Back 9

medial aspect of the concave kidney
leads into renal sinus

Front 10

what structures enter or leave the hilus

Back 10

renal veins, arteries, ureter, and lymphatic vessels and nerves
( you cant see the lymphatics or nerves)
remember V A U anterior to posterior vein artery and ureter

Front 11

what is the fibrous structure directly adhering to the kidney surface

Back 11

renal capsule

Front 12

what is the function of the perirenal fat

Back 12

cushion from external blows

Front 13

what is the renal fascia of gerota

Back 13

the outermost layer of dense, fibrous connective tissue

Front 14

what does the renal fascia of gerota do

Back 14

anchors the kidney and adrenal glands to surrounding structures

Front 15

where is the pararenal fat

Back 15

the outermost layer and adheres to posterior abdominal wall

Front 16

what is ptosis of the kidney

Back 16

when kidney falls to a lower than normal position causing the ureter to kink and can cause hydronephrosis (urine to back up in the kidney)

Front 17

what is hydronephrosis

Back 17

water in the kidney caused by ptosis

Front 18

when is ptosis seen

Back 18

anorexia due to loss of body fat

Front 19

what is the renal cortex

Back 19

most superficial region

Front 20

where is the renal medulla

Back 20

deep to the cortex, darker and reddish brown in color

Front 21

what are the cone-shaped tissue masses called

Back 21

medullary or renal pyramids

Front 22

where does the broader base of the renal pyramids face

Back 22

cortex

Front 23

where does the apex of the renal pyramids face

Back 23

internally

Front 24

where is the renal pelvis found

Back 24

lateral to the hilus
found within the sinus
formed by merging calyces

Front 25

what are the renal columns of bertin

Back 25

inward extensions of cortical tissue and found btw the pyramids

Front 26

what is a renal lobe

Back 26

renal pyramid and adjacent cap of cortical tissue and cortical columns

Front 27

what are the arteries called located in the renal columns

Back 27

interlobar arteries

Front 28

what is the minor calyx

Back 28

cup shaped area that enclose the papillae of the pyramids and drain into major calyx

Front 29

what is the major calyx

Back 29

2 or 3 in number and are branching extensions of the pelvis

Front 30

where does a drop of urine leaving the renal papilla collected by

Back 30

minor calyx

Front 31

the renal papillae are most closely related to the

Back 31

minor calyces

Front 32

minor calyces collect urine that continuously drain from

Back 32

papillae

Front 33

papillae empty into ___
which drain into ____

Back 33

major calyces
renal pelvis

Front 34

walls of the calyces and pelvis contain what kind of muscle

Back 34

smooth muscle and are peristalsis

Front 35

what is pyelitis

Back 35

infection of the renal pelvis and calyces

Front 36

what is pyelonephritis

Back 36

infection or inflammatory condition that affects the entire kidney

Front 37

what causes kidney infections and predominately in what gender

Back 37

females
fecal bacteria - ecoli
from anal region to the urinary tract

Front 38

approximately how much of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys every minute

Back 38

one fourth of the total systemic cardiac output

Front 39

what angle does the renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta

Back 39

right angles

Front 40

at what level does the renal arteries arise

Back 40

btw L1 and L2

Front 41

what renal artery is longer

Back 41

right

Front 42

how many segmental arteries

Back 42

5

Front 43

what percent of the blood supply entering the kidneys perfuses the cortex

Back 43

90%

Front 44

where are the bulk of the nephrons

Back 44

cortex

Front 45

what path does the renal veins follow

Back 45

the arterial pathway but in reverse

Front 46

what is the path of the blood from the level of the renal artery

Back 46

renal artery -> segmental -> lobar -> interlobar -> arcuate and interlobular-> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillary network

Front 47

what is the nerve supply of the kidney and ureter

Back 47

renal plexus and ganglion, branch of the celiac plexus and ganglion

Front 48

what supplies renal plexus

Back 48

sympathetic fibers from the least thoracic and first lumbar splanchnic nerves

Front 49

what do the sympathetic fibers do to renal blood flow and how

Back 49

they are vasomotor fibers and they regulate renal blood flow by adjusting the diameter of renal arterioles

Front 50

what is the structural and functional unit of the kidney

Back 50

nephron

Front 51

how many nephrons per kidney

Back 51

1 million

Front 52

where are the majority of the nephrons located

Back 52

cortex

Front 53

what are the parts of the nephron

Back 53

dilated renal corpuscle,
proximal convoluted tubule
loops of henle
distal convoluted tubles

Front 54

what directly supplies the afferent arterioles

Back 54

interlobular and arcuate arteries

Front 55

what is the renal corpuscle formed by

Back 55

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

Front 56

what is the glomerulus

Back 56

tuft of capillaries inside the bowman's capsule

Front 57

where is the bowman's capsule located

Back 57

at the end of renal tubule
completely surrounding the glomerulus

Front 58

what feeds the glomerulus

Back 58

afferent arterioles

Front 59

what drains the glomerulus

Back 59

efferent arterioles

Front 60

what arises from the efferent arterioles and are adapted for absorption of solutes and h20

Back 60

peritubular capillaries

Front 61

what level are the ureters found

Back 61

L2

Front 62

what is the continuation of the renal pelvis

Back 62

ureter

Front 63

what is the path of the ureter

Back 63

descend behind the peritoneum to base of bladder
turns medially
then runs oblique thru posterior bladder wall

Front 64

what are the 3 sites of constriction of the ureter

Back 64

uteropelvic junction - near hilus
where they cross the iliac vessels - pelvic brim
where they join the bladder

Front 65

what does the mucosa of the ureter wall look like

Back 65

highly convoluted with a thick transitional epithelium continuous with that of the kidney pelvis and urinary bladder

Front 66

what does the muscularis of the bladder look like

Back 66

inner longitudinal
and outer circular

Front 67

what is the adventitia

Back 67

fibrous connective tissue covering

Front 68

what causes the muscularis to contract

Back 68

urine

Front 69

what controls the vigor and frequency of the peristaltic waves of muscularis

Back 69

rate of urine formation

Front 70

what is composition of kidney stones

Back 70

calcium
magnesium or
uric acid

Front 71

what is another name for kidney stones

Back 71

renal calculi

Front 72

where do stones precipitate

Back 72

in renal pelvis

Front 73

what structures do stones usually block

Back 73

ureter and prevent urine passage

Front 74

what causes stone formation

Back 74

frequent bladder infections of urinary tract and retention of urine
also high blood calcium and alkaline urine

Front 75

how do you prevent stone development

Back 75

acidifying urine by cranberry juice and ingesting large amounts of water to dilute the urine

Front 76

where is the bladder located

Back 76

retroperitoneally on the pelvic floor just posterior to the pubic symphysis

Front 77

what lies anterior to the vagina and uterus

Back 77

bladder

Front 78

what lies anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate gland

Back 78

bladder

Front 79

what kind of cells make up the mucosa of the bladder wall

Back 79

transitional epithelium

Front 80

what is the thick muscular layer of the bladder wall

Back 80

detrusor muscle - consists of intermediate smooth muscle fibers arranged in inner and outer longitudinal layers and a middle circular layer

Front 81

what is the adventitia

Back 81

fibrous layer that covers the bladder except on the superior surface

Front 82

the interior part of the bladder has three openings

Back 82

both ureters and the urethra

Front 83

the smooth triangular region of the bladder base btw the 3 openings is called

Back 83

trigone

Front 84

btw the 2 openings of the ureters is the

Back 84

interuteric crest

Front 85

the thick walls of the bladder when empty are thrown into folds called

Back 85

rugae

Front 86

what is the normal capacity of bladder

Back 86

300-500ml

Front 87

when full bladder can be palpated above what structure

Back 87

pubic symphysis

Front 88

the stretching of the bladder wall serves as a trigger for

Back 88

micturation or voiding

Front 89

the mucosal lining of the ureters are composed of

Back 89

pseudostratified columnar epithelium but near the bladder it is transitional epithelium

Front 90

near its opening the urethra has

Back 90

stratified squamous, nonkeritinized epithelium

Front 91

where is the internal urethral sphincter found

Back 91

at the junction of the bladder and urethra

Front 92

what is the function of the internal urethral sphincter

Back 92

keeps urethra closed when urine not being passed (is involuntary)
prevents leaking of urine btw voiding

Front 93

what opens the internal urethral sphincter

Back 93

pelvic splanchnic n

Front 94

what closes the internal urethral sphincter

Back 94

sacral splanchnic n

Front 95

where is the external urethral sphincter found

Back 95

surrounds the urethra as it passes thru urogenital diaphragm

Front 96

what kind of muscle is external urethral sphincter

Back 96

skeletal muscle and is voluntary

Front 97

what controls the external urethral sphincter

Back 97

S2 3 4
branches of the pudendal nerve

Front 98

what other muscles also aid in the constriction of the urethra

Back 98

levator ani of the pelvic floor

Front 99

where does the external urethral orifice lie in the female

Back 99

anterior to the vaginal opening and posterior to the clitoris

Front 100

how long is the urethra in the male

Back 100

8 inches

Front 101

what are the three regions of the male urethra

Back 101

prostatic urethra (passes thru prostate)
membranous urethra (runs thru urogenital diaphragm)
spongy (penile) urethra - passes thru penis and opens at its tip via external urethral orifice

Front 102

male urethra also carries what

Back 102

semen out of the body

Front 103

what is urethritis

Back 103

inflammation of the urethra

Front 104

what is cystitis

Back 104

bladder inflammation

Front 105

what are symptoms of UTI

Back 105

dysuria - painful urination
urinary frequency or urgency
fever and sometimes cloudy or bloody urine