Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 3 vessels body fluid is carried in? |
Arteries Veins Lymph vessels |
|
|
What 3 compartments is body fluid secreted into? |
Joints Cerebral ventricles Intestinal lumen |
|
|
What are some functions of body fluid? |
Lubricate Solvent Transport 02, nutrients, messengers, waste Regulate body temp |
|
|
What are two major body fluid compartments? |
Extracellular- 1/3 fluid in adults (infants have more)
Intracellular- 2/3 fluid in adults |
|
|
What two compartments can the extracellular fluid be divided into? |
Interstitial fluid (11.0L) Blood plasma (3.0L) |
|
|
What is a specialized type of extracellular fluid compartment and what is included in it? |
Transcellular Fluid
Synovial, cerebrospinal, GI fluids, intraocular |
|
|
Where can you find extracellular fluid in the body? |
Interstitial compartment (between cells) Vascular (in blood vessels) Dense connective tissue and bone Transcellular fluid |
|
|
What are some components of fluid homeostasis in the body? |
Fluid intake (mouth) Fluid excretion (skin/lungs/bowel) Fluid absorption (kidney) Fluid distribution (ECF/ICF) |
|
|
What is thirst triggered by? |
Increased concentration of ECF (osmolality) Decreased circulating blood volume |
|
|
What two compartments does blood contain? |
Extracellular (plasma) Intracellular (RBC) |
|
|
What is the % of plasma and RBC in the blood? |
40% RBC 60% plasma |
|
|
What is the major intracellular cation? |
K+ |
|
|
What is the major extracellular cation? |
Na+ (1-fold gradient) |
|
|
What extracellular cation has the largest intracellular gradient? |
Ca++ (about four fold compared to the 1-fold of Na+) |
|
|
What is hydrostatic pressure? |
Pressure of blood against the vessel wall |
|
|
What is the opposing force of hydrostatic pressure? |
Oncotic pressure |
|
|
How does fluid distribution occur between interstitial and intracellular components? |
Osmosis |
|
|
Cell membranes are permeable to what, and not to what? |
Permeable to water Not permeable to electrolytes |
|
|
How does water travel according to particle concentrations? |
Water moves from low to high osmolalities |
|
|
What special feature occurs between cell walls that will either allow more or less fluid to pass? |
Tight junctions |
|
|
For passive diffusion to occur across a plasma membrane, what two features of a molecule will govern how easily it will pass? |
Size (too large) Charge (repelling charges) |
|
|
What tends to move across a plasma membrane with ease? |
02, C02, N2, H20, urea, glycerol |
|
|
What tends to move across a plasma membrane slower? |
Glucose, Sucrose, H+, Na+, HC03, K+, Ca++, Cl-, Mg++ |
|
|
What are some organs that excrete fluid? |
Urinary tract Bowels (lower portion of intestines) Lungs Skin (sweat/insensible) |
|
|
Where is the largest amount of fluid excreted through? |
Urinary tract |
|
|
The amount of fluid excreted in the urine is controlled primarily by what? |
Hormones |
|
|
What are the 3 hormones that control fluid excretion? |
ADH Aldosterone Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) |
|
|
What is the hormone of ADH? |
Vasopressin |
|
|
What is the hormone of aldosterone? |
Renin-angiotensin system |
|
|
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is sythesized where? |
Hypothalamus |
|
|
Where is ADH released from? |
Posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
What will increase the release of ADH? |
Increased osmolality (conc) of ECF Decreased circulating fluid volume Pain Nausea Phsiologic/psychological stressors |
|
|
Where is aldosterone synthesized and secreted? |
Adrenal cortex |
|
|
What are two major stimuli for aldosterone release? |
Angiotensin II Increased conc of K+ in plasma |
|
|
When is angiotensin II activated and where is it from? |
From the renin-angiotensin system Activated by decreased circulating blood vol |
|
|
What organ maintains the homeostasis of blood? |
Nephrons |
|
|
When is ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) released? |
Secreted from cells in heart when atria are stretched (increased volume) |
|
|
When is BNP (Brain natriuretic peptide) released? |
Released from ventricular cells when ventricular diastole pressure increases (heart failure) |
|
|
What is the relationship of NP's (natriuretic peptides) to aldosterone? |
They oppose the action of aldosterone, but not as strong as aldosterone
NP rids body of Na/water Aldosterone holds on to Na/water |
|
|
What do NP's promote? |
Fluid excretion in urine by natriuresis (Na excretion) |
|
|
When volume is decreased, what do the NP's do? |
They really aren't activated, thereby no urine excretion performed by kidneys |
|
|
What two things are the kidneys highly dependent on? |
Adequate blood pressure Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
|
|
How many nephrons are there PER kidney? |
About 1million |
|
|
In a generic description, how do all of our cells (including the kidneys) function in relation to their life cycle? |
They function in relation to how many times they can perform their job, then they die off.
When these cells are challenged, and more workload is placed upon them, this shortens their life cycle |
|
|
When considering dynamic control of electrolytes, what must be normal in order for proper body function? |
Electrolyte concentration in the plasma and in the cell must be normal
|
|
|
Are the concentration of the electrolytes in the plasma and in the cell the same? |
No |
|
|
What are 4 processes of dynamic control of electrolyte homeostasis? |
Electrolyte intake Electrolyte Absorption Electrolyte distribution Electrolyte excretion |
|
|
If you increase the amount of intake of an electrolyte, what does the body do to normalize the plasma levels? |
Excretion of that electrolyte increases
The opposite happens in situations of decreased intake of an electrolyte |
|
|
Volume is based on___________? |
Pressure |
|
|
What are the 3 major mechanisms that regulate acid-base in the body? |
Buffers Respiratory system Renal system |
|
|
What is the first line of defense against pH changes in body fluids? |
Buffers
(acids and bases) |
|
|
When do weak acids release H+ ions? |
When a fluid is too alkaline |
|
|
When do bases take up H+ ions? |
When a fluid is too acidic |
|
|
What is the primary buffer in the first line defense of pH changes? |
HC03- |
|
|
What will speed up or slow down the carbonic acid reaction in the buffering system? |
Carbonic anhydrase |
|
|
What are other types of buffers? (3) |
Phosphate buffers Hgb buffers Protein buffers |
|
|
What is the most important buffer in the ECF? |
HC03- |
|
|
What are the components of the HC03 buffer system? |
Base: HC03 Weak acid: (H2C03)
Maintained in chemical equilibrium in ECF |
|
|
What is the necessary ratio of bicarb atoms to carbonic acid for a normal pH? |
20:1 |
|
|
If there is too much acid (lactic acid), how is this buffered? |
Bicarb takes up H+ ions released by the acid and becomes carbonic acid
HC03 + H+= H2C03 (reaction shifts to right) |
|
|
How is this newly formed carbonic acid released? |
Released as C02 via lungs |
|
|
If there is not enough acid (alkaline), how is this buffered? |
H+ is released from a weak acid to increase the pH
(reaction shifts to the left) |
|
|
What is the second defense against acid-base disorders? |
Respiratory contribution
|
|
|
What are some of the functions of the lungs in this process? |
Rid body of C02, water, carbonic acid
Change RR and depth based on chemoreceptors that detect C02 and pH |
|
|
The respiratory system responds to an imbalance of any metabolic acid except for what? |
Carbonic acid |
|
|
Does the resp system correct or compensate for a pH disorder? |
Compensates
With this it alters other blood chemistry values |
|
|
A deficit of any acid except carbonic acid is......? |
Hypoventilation |
|
|
Excess of any acid except carbonic acid is......? |
Hyperventilation |
|
|
What are the time frames associated with the response time of the respiratory system? |
Responds within minutes Takes hours for full effect |
|
|
What can the respiratory system actually correct? |
Responses to PaC02, not metabolic imbalances |
|
|
What is the third defense against acid-base disorders? |
Kidneys
Continuously excreting metabolic acids during normal metabolism |
|
|
The kidneys can excrete any acid from the body except for what? |
Carbonic acid |
|
|
What is solely responsible for excretion of carbonic acid? |
Lungs |
|
|
The body's ability to correct an excess or deficit of a metabolic acid depends on normal function of what sytem? |
Renal |
|
|
If a metabolic acid begins to accumulate, how does the renal system react? |
Increased secretion of H+ |
|
|
If a metabolic acid is deficient in the blood, how does the renal system react? |
Slows excretion of H+ |
|
|
When sampling HC03 in the plasma, what are the values reflecting about the renal system? |
Effectiveness of renal regulation of metabolic acids
Relative amount of metabolic acid in blood |
|
|
What are two main goals of the renal system? |
Rid the body of acids Recycle HC03 |
|
|
When HC03 is used, what happens? |
The HC03 is recycled |
|
|
When P+ and NH3+ are used, what happens? |
HC03 is CREATED |
|
|
What amino acid is used to break up proteins to yield an ammonia? |
Glutamate |
|
|
Where is urine concentrated? |
Loop of Henle |
|
|
What is the primary site of reabsorption? |
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
HC03 recycling/early reabsorption |
|
|
What is the site where electrolytes are manipulated and sorted for the body's needs? |
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Phosphorus and ammonia (fine tuning) |
|
|
ADH increases the number of aquaporins where? |
Collecting duct |
|
|
An increase in excretion of H+ will result in what? (2) |
Increased production of NH3 H+ + NH3 and excreted in urine |
|
|
A slow excretion of H+ will result in what? |
Decrease production of NH3 Less excretion of H+ (reabsorbed into blood) Excretion of HC03 |
|
|
If your HC03 plasma level is low, what can you draw a conclusion about? |
Metabolic acids are accumulating in blood and being buffered by HC03 |
|
|
If your HC03 plasma level is high, what can you draw a conclusion about? |
Excess of base Relative deficit of metabolic acids |
|
|
How do the kidneys respond to high levels of carbonic acid? |
Increase the excretion of metabolic acids and H+ |
|
|
How do the kidneys respond to low levels of carbonic acid? |
Decrease excretion of metabolic acids and H+ Excrete HC03 |
|
|
What is the renal response to a decrease in pH from excess of metabolic acids? |
Secrete more H+ into renal tubules Make more ammonia
Correction of imbalance |
|
|
What is the renal response to an increase in pH from deficit of metabolic acids? |
Secrete fewer H+ into renal tubules Excrete HC03 Make less ammonia
Correction of imbalance |
|
|
What is the renal response to a decreased pH from excess carbonic acid? |
Secrete more H+ into renal tubules Make more ammonia
Compensatory for imbalance
|
|
|
What is the renal response to an increased pH from a deficit of carbonic acid? |
Secrete fewer H+ into renal tubules Excrete HC03 Make less ammonia
Compensatory for imbalance |
