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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some endocrine function of the kidney?
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produce
- renin (JG cells) - EPO (peritubular capillary network) - prostaglandins - convert 1,25-hydroxyhcholecalciderol to VitD |
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What is the exocrine function of the kidney?
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urine production
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Kidney's role in maintaining homeostasis.
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- clear nitrogenous and other metabolic wastes: filtration and excretion
- balance concentration of body fluids and electrolytes: filtration and excretion - recover small molecules and water: reabsorption |
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Which renal structure is this?
- medullary pyramid + overlying cortex and capsule A. renal lobe B. renal lobule C. renal column D. medullary rays E. cortical labyrinth |
A.
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Which renal structure is this?
- medullary ray + nephrons draining into that ray A. renal lobe B. renal lobule C. renal column D. medullary rays E. cortical labyrinth |
B.
boundry: interlobular arteries and veins. |
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Which renal structure is this?
- cortex that runs down into medulla A. renal lobe B. renal lobule C. renal column D. medullary rays E. cortical labyrinth |
C.
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Which renal structure is this?
- renal corpuscle + convoluted segments of the nephrons A. renal lobe B. renal lobule C. renal column D. medullary rays E. cortical labyrinth |
E.
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Components of the renal sinus.
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- segmental arteries and veins
- automomic nerves: sympathetics to BV, JG cells - pelvis: major and minor calyces - fat |
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Are there interstitium in the kidney?
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very little in the cortex, some in the medulla
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What composes the uriniferous tubules?
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- nephron + collecting duct
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What composes renal corpuscle?
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- Bowman's capsule + glomerulus
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Describe the two layers of Bowman's capsule.
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- parietal layer: simple squamous
- visceral layer: podocytes |
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Embryonic origin of uriniferous tubules.
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- nephron: metanephric blastoma
- collecting duct: uretic bud * unusual since the secretory and duct portion come from different origin |
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Which of the following duct is not in the cortex?
A. proximal concoluted tubule B. Loops of Henle C. distal convoluted tubule D. collecting duct |
B.
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Which of the following is the longest part of the nephron?
A. proximal concoluted tubule B. Loops of Henle C. distal convoluted tubule D. collecting duct |
A.
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Which of the following duct is in the cortical labyrinth?
A. proximal concoluted tubule B. Loops of Henle C. distal convoluted tubule D. collecting duct |
A.
C. |
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How long is a nephron? what about collecting duct?
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- nephron: 30-40mm long
- collecting duct: 20mm long |
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Cortical or juxtamedullary nephron?
- renal corpuscles in the deep cortex - long loops of Henle (9-10mm) |
juxtamedullary nephron
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Cortical or juxtamedullary nephron?
- renal corpuscles in the cortex - short loops of Henle (1-2mm) |
cortical nephron
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Components of renal glomerulus.
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- capillary network
- mesangium and mesangial cells (phagocytic and have receptors for angiotensinII and ADH) |
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Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta?
- drains efferent arteriole from cortical nephron |
peritubular capillaries: release EPO
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Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta?
- drains efferent arteriole from juxtaglomerular nephron |
vasa recta
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What is this called?
- fluid that enters the urinary space |
glomerular filtrate: 1st step in urine production
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Components of the filtration barrier/blood-urine barrier.
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- capillary endothelium: fenestrated capillaries, but no diaphram
- GBM: 3 layers (lamina rara, lamina densa, lamina rara) - filtration slits of podocytes: diaphram that is made up of protein nephrin |
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Components of GBM.
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- lamina rara externa (podocyte)
- lamina densa: high TypeIV collagen - lamina rara interna (endothelial side) |
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3 mechanisms that filtration barrier prevents passage of useful material in the blood.
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- pores of the glomerular endothelial cells (fenestrated): prevents formed elements such as RBC, WBC, platelets
- filtration slit membrane (size filter): prevent medium-sized proteins such as albumin - negatively charged GAGs such as nephrin on filtration slit membrane and podocalyxin: charge filter * charge is not important for large and small solutes |
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What would this cause?
- negative charge on filtration barrier is removed |
proteinuria: increased filtration of plasma proteins
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How many liters of blood do the kideny filter per day?
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180 L
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Factors that promote filtration.
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- large surface area: long and extensive glomerular capillaries. Controlled by mesangial cells (relaxation/contration).
- thin and porous filtration barrier: 0.1 um - high glomerular BP: 55 mmHg because of increase resistance of outflow due efferent arteriole's small diameter. |
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What is GFR? for men? for women?
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GFR =- 120 mL/min
- men: 125 mL/min - women: 105 mL/min |
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Functions of mesangial cells.
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- phagocytosis: remove trapped residues and aggregated proteins from GBM
- structural support - secretion: IL1, PDGF - blood flow: receptors for AngII and ADH, and the cells are contractile. |
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Empbryonic precursor of mesangial and JG cells
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smooth muscle cell precursors
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Which of the following fits this description?
- simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border microvilli, TJ, basal infoldings - 100% reabsorption of AA, Glu, bicarbonate ions - 80% reabsoprtion of Na+ - 65% reabsorption of water A. PCT B. Loop of Henle (thin limb) C. Loop of Henle (asecending thick segment) D. DCT E. collecting duct |
A.
should not see creatinin in uring in normal kidney |
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Which of the following fits this description?
- simple squamous epithelium - permeable to H2O and Na+ - fluid is hypertonic A. PCT B. Loop of Henle (thin limb) C. Loop of Henle (asecending thick segment) D. DCT E. collecting duct |
B.
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Which of the following fits this description?
- simple cuboidal epithelium with basal infoldings - impermeable to water - active transport of Na+ (Na+/K+/2Cl- ATPase) A. PCT B. Loop of Henle (thin limb) C. Loop of Henle (asecending thick segment) D. DCT E. collecting duct |
C.
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Which of the following fits this description?
- simple cuboidal epithelium with scattered microvilli, basal infoldings - reabsorption of Na+, H2O, secretion of K+ (principle cells) - reabsorption of K+ and secretion of H+ (intercalated cells) - fluid: hypotonic - target organ for hormones that regulate osmolarity. A. PCT B. Loop of Henle (thin limb) C. Loop of Henle (asecending thick segment) D. DCT E. collecting duct |
D.
- reactive to aldolsterone: increase Na+ reabsorption - reactive to ADH: increased permeability to H2O. |
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Name two hormones that act on DCT to regulate osmolarity.
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- aldolsterone: increase Na+ reabsorption
- ADH: increased permeability to H2O. |
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pH of the blood and urine.
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blood: 7.4
urine: 6 |
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Describe the epithelium of the collecting duct.
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- begins as cuboidal
- increases to columnar in the papillary duct - no intercalated digitations |
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Which of the following fits this description?
- begins as cuboidal, increases to columnar, no intercalated digitation - secrete H+ against concentration gradient - respond to ADH: insert AQP-2 for H2O reabsorption A. PCT B. Loop of Henle (thin limb) C. Loop of Henle (asecending thick segment) D. DCT E. collecting duct |
E.
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Components of the JG apparatus.
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- JG cells: secrete renin
- Lacis cells (extraglomerular mesangial cells): gap juctions with JG cells - macular densa: monitor Na+ content in DST fluid |
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Where are JG cells located?
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tunica media of the afferent arterioles
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Where are Lacis cells located?
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between afferent and efferent arterioles
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Where are macula densa cells located?
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in the wall of DST
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Name this blood supply in the kidney.
- capillary bed located in the renal cortex - manufacture EPO - end arteries |
peritubular plexus
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Name this blood supply in the kidney.
- capillary bed located in the renal medulla - follow loops of Henle - end arteries |
vasa recta
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Describe blood flow from renal artery to efferent arteriole.
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renal artery -> segmental arteries -> lobar arteries (between pyramids) -> arcuate arteries (corticomedullary junction) -> interlobular arteries -> afferent arteriole -> effect arteriole
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What structure is this?
- transitional epithelium, impermeable to salts and water - two-layered muscularis: inner longitudinal and outer cicular layer - produce peristalic waves |
proximal ureter
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What structure is this?
- transitional epithelium, impermeable to salts and water - three-layered muscularis: inner and outer longitudinal and middle cicular layer - produce peristalic waves |
distal ureter
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What are three openings in the bladder(trigone)?
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- 2 ureter openings
- 1 urethral opening |
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What structure is this?
- transitional epithelium, impermeable to salts and water - three-layered muscularis - thin lamina propria of fibroelastic connective tissue - store urine |
bladder
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Relaxed or distended bladder?
- rounded epithelial cells that bulge into the lumen: plaques in plasma membrane and elliptical vesicles in the cytoplasm |
relaxed
- 5-6 cell layers thick |
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Relaxed or distended bladder?
- squamous superficial cells - 3-4 cell layers thick |
distended
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Where are the mucus glands located in the bladder?
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region surrounding the urethral orifice
- secrete clear viscous fluid that lubricates the urethral orifice |
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Describe the laminal propria of the bladder.
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- superficial layer: dense, irregular collagenous connective tissue
- deeper loose layer: collagen and elastic fibers |
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Three parts of male urethra.
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- prostatic: receives paired ejaculatory ducts, prostatic utricle, ducts of the prostate.
- membranous: shortest - penile: receives ducts of the bulbourethral glands |
