Renal Histology

Front 1

What are the 2 distinct parts of the uriniferous tubule (basic structure of the kidney)?

Back 1

Nephron & Collecting tubule

Front 2

What is a collecting duct and all of its tributaries?

Back 2

Lobule

Front 3

If the nephron & collecting tubule do not meet when developing what happens?

Back 3

a cyst is formed

Front 4

Is the nephron part of the uriniferous tubule?

Back 4

No

Front 5

What is the tuft of blood vessels held in the "cup"

Back 5

glomerulus

Front 6

What is the Bowman's membrane + glomerulus called?

Back 6

Renal corpuscle

Front 7

What is the cup-shaped epithelial tissue called?

Back 7

Bowman's Capsule

Front 8

What is the epithelial cell layer on the outer aspect of Bowman's Membrane?

(outside the cup)

Back 8

Parietal Epithelium

Front 9

What is the epithelial cell layer on the inner aspect of (near the glomerulus) Bowman's Membrane?

(inside the cup)

Back 9

Visceral epithelium

Front 10

Which layer of epithelium in Bowman's capsule is lined by modified stratified squamous epithelium and lined with Podocytes?

Back 10

Visceral Layer

Front 11

In a renal corpuscle, what is "THE ULTIMATE BARRIER"?

Back 11

The Slit Pore Membrane

Front 12

What are the components of the blood-urine barrier?

Back 12

1. Fenestrated Endothelium(capillaries)
2. Basement membrane of glomerular capillaries
3. Pedicels of podocytes
4. Slit pore membrane

Front 13

Where does the primary urine go after it passes through Bowman's space?

Back 13

Proximal Convuluted Tubule

Front 14

Which tubule has:
1. short columnar epithelium
2. brush-border microvilli
3. basal striations (mitochondria)

Back 14

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Front 15

What feature of the proximal tubule acts as a bounty hunter for protein escaping through the blood urine barrier?

Back 15

Apical canaliculi (form of endocytotic vesicle) take up proteins which ultimately fuse with lysosomes and are degraded to amino acid for other uses

Front 16

What are the identifying features of the Distal Convoluted Tubule?

Back 16

1. Short columnar cells
2. Basal striations
3. NO brushborder (although microvilli are present)

Front 17

What are the identifying features of the collecting tubule?

Back 17

1. Simple cuboidal epithelium (increases in height towards tips of renal pyramids becoming columnar)
2. Plain looking cells
3. Numerous holes at the tip that enter the renal pelvis = area cribosa

Front 18

Where are all the Glomeruli located grossly in the kidney?

Back 18

Cortex

Front 19

What are the substructures found in the cortex of the kidney?

Back 19

1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
2. Distal Convoluted Tubule
3. Glomerulus

Front 20

What cell does the following?
1. direct the way in which the glomerulus takes shape
2. phagocytose large particles trapped in the basement membrane of the blood-urine barrier
3. contractility can control blood flow through glomerular capillary

Back 20

Mesangial cells

Front 21

What does the renal artery branch into in between renal pyramids

Back 21

Interlobar arteries

Front 22

Where does water cross in renal filtration?

Back 22

1. Glomerulus to Bowmen's Capsule
2. Proximal Tubule to Blood
3. Descending Limb to Blood
4. Collecting Duct to Blood (in the presence of ADH)

Front 23

Where does urea cross in renal filtration?

Back 23

Urea crosses the glomerulus into Bowmen's Capsule and stays in the ducts until excreted through the urethra

Front 24

Where does glucose cross in renal filtration?

Back 24

1. Glomerulus to Bowmen's capsule
2. Proximal Tubule to Blood

Front 25

Where does sodium cross in renal filtration?

Back 25

1. Glomerulus to Bowmen's Capsule
2. Proximal Tubule to Blood
3. Ascending Thin Limb to Blood

Front 26

Where do proteins cross in renal filtration?

Back 26

Proteins do not cross in renal filtration. (if protein is in the urine there is a problem)

Front 27

What crosses from the Proximal Tubule to the blood?

Back 27

1. Water (leak channels)
2. Sodium (using Na/K pump)
3. Glucose (Facillitated diffusion)

Front 28

Which arteriole leads into the glomerulus?

Back 28

the afferent arteriole

Front 29

Which arteriole leads away from the glomerulus?

Back 29

the efferent arteriole

Front 30

The renal medulla is high in _____ to help reabsorb water.

Back 30

Sodium

Front 31

What hormone tells the kidney to reabsorb water?

Back 31

Antidiuretic

Front 32

What cells contain renin and function as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure?

Back 32

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Front 33

What are the specialized cells of the Distal Convoluted Tubule at the point of contact with the afferent arteriole?

Back 33

Macula Densa

Front 34

What do the Macula Densa Cells detect as chemoreceptors?

Back 34

1. Changes in solute concentration
2. Flow rate of the filtrate

Front 35

What does decreased stretch in JG cells lead to?

Back 35

Renin release due to BP decrease. Renin triggers the renin-angiotensin mechanism, which ultimately leads to increased blood pressure.

Front 36

What is the driving force of urine formation?

Back 36

Hydrostatic pressure pushing it into Bowman's Space(70 mmHg)

Front 37

What force is trying to counteract hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus?

Back 37

Osmotic or colloid pressure (32 mmHg)
Physical capillary barrier (20 mmHg)

Front 38

What is the Net Force pushing fluid into Bowman's Space?

Back 38

18 mmHg = 70 - 32 - 20

Front 39

How much fluid is pushed into bowman's space per minute?

Back 39

125cc/min

Front 40

What percent of all the water and sodium that was in the primary urea gets resorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 40

60-70%

Front 41

How is sodium and water transported through the membranes?

Back 41

1. Na+ uses active transport
2. Water follows passively

Front 42

What happens if protein gets into the uriniferous tubule? (once again another Tandler obscurity, which he loves to test on)

Back 42

Gets sucked back up by:
1. PCT
2. Apical canaliculi

Front 43

What is the concentration of the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule?

Back 43

Hypotonic (Na+ has been pumped out but has been replaced by other anions and ammonia has been added due to oxidative deamination of amino acids by the liver.

Front 44

What are the 2 key hormones in the collecting tubule?

Back 44

1. ADH (vasopressin)
2. Aldosterone

Front 45

What hormone made in the adrenal cortex influences sodium retention in the body?

Back 45

Aldosterone

Front 46

What hormone functions to keep collecting tubules permeable to water so that water is resorbed from collecting tubules?

Back 46

ADH

Front 47

What condition occurs when an individual is unable to produce ADH?

Back 47

Diabetes Insipidus - individual produces 20-25 liters of urine per day

Front 48

Where does the renal artery enter the kidney?

Back 48

At the Hilus

Front 49

What problem arises due to arcuate arteries that come from different lobar arteries and do not meet?

Back 49

Renal Infarct - Occurs as a result of there being no collateral circulation, so large areas of the kidney will be starved of blood supply.

Front 50

What are the blood vessels that leave the glomerulus called?

Back 50

These capillaries and venules are called the vasa recta

Front 51

When the interlobar arteries arch over and form an arc, what are they referred to as?

Back 51

Arcuate arteries

Front 52

What do lobules in the kidney consist of?

Back 52

Lobule = collecting duct and all of its tributaries

Front 53

What artery is found between the interlobular artery and the afferent arteriole?
(another wonderful Tandlerpedia concept)

Back 53

The Intralobular artery

Front 54

In the loop of Henle the descending portion is relatively permeable and the area is salty due to action of the ascending portion which draws water out of the descending portion. What is Tandler's Gay Ass Term for this concept? (he likes to test on obscure concepts that separates him from the rest of the world)

Back 54

Hairpin Turn Osmotic Multiplier

Front 55

What is the concentration of blood in the vasa recta?

Back 55

Hypertonic - concentrated blood because it lost water in glomerulus

Front 56

What is found between the crotch of the afferent & efferent arterioles?

Back 56

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Front 57

What are the cells found in the area below the macula densa that are not directly part of urine producing epithelium. What are these cells called?

Back 57

Lacis Cells (types of mesangial cells)

Front 58

Where is angiotensinogen produced?

Back 58

Liver

Front 59

What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

Back 59

Renin

Front 60

Where is renin secreted from?

Back 60

JG cells

Front 61

What is a very potent vasoconstrictor, which causes smooth muscle to contract causing arterioles to contract creating a rise in blood pressure.

Back 61

Angiotensin II

Front 62

What converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

Back 62

ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)

Front 63

What drugs interfere w/absorption of water in loop of henle so you get rid of more water decreasing blood volume -> decreasing pressure

Back 63

Diuretics (lasiks-last six hours)

Front 64

What drugs end in "pril" and 1 in 7 patients experience an interference with taste?

Back 64

ACE inhibitors (inhibit production of angiotensin II)

Front 65

What drugs interfere with smooth muscle contraction in arteriole due to blocking a hormone from binding to its receptor?

Back 65

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

Front 66

What is basically an expanded end of a ureter?

Back 66

Renal Pelvis (accepts fluid from the collecting tubules)

Front 67

What is a tubular structure lined by transitional epithelium and is surrounded by several layers of smooth muscle?

Back 67

Ureter

Front 68

New plasma membrane is added to the surface of the cell as needed in the form of _____ ____. When it is not needed it is taken back into the cell. The Urinary Bladder is the only organ that does this sort of thing. (another obscure tandler concept that you will never hear of again)

Back 68

Discoidal Vesicles (this is a way of adding more membrane to the surface of the epithelium as needed)
The bladder can expand as it fills up; this is mainly due to the stacks of discoidal vesicles found above the nucleus that can move up to the apical plasma membrane and join together end to end – adding new membrane to the cells. Excess membrane can be endocytosed back in.

Front 69

From the age of ___ the urinary bladder begins to shrink until you hit somewhere in your 70s where your bladder is 1/2 the size it once was, also the smooth muscle becomes weaker. The functional capacity of the urinary bladder decreases dramatically. The storage capacity is about ___ of what is was when you were younger.

Back 69

40
25%

Front 70

Smooth muscle cells of renal arterioles which are modified for endocrine secretion are called:

Back 70

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Front 71

The outer lining of Bowman's capsule (the parietal epithelilum) consists of a single layer of:

Back 71

squamous cells

Front 72

Extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells) are located:

Back 72

At the vascular pole of the glomerulus

Front 73

What is the name for closely-packed nuclei in the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule?

Back 73

Macula Densa

Front 74

Bundles of parallel vessels which extend into the medulla are called:

Back 74

Vasa Recta

Front 75

Vessels which connect glomerular capillaries with peritubular capillaries are called:

Back 75

Efferent Arterioles

Front 76

The volume of blood increases while passing through the:

Back 76

peritubular capillaries

Front 77

Vessels which form a counter-current exchange, to maintain an osmotic gradient established by long loops of Henle, are called:

Back 77

Vasa Recta