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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hydroureter
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obstruction (probably congenital) at the ureteral orifice
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Hydronephrosis
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abnormal collection of urine within the renal pelvis
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Hydronephrosis
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no echos on ultrasound
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Type I RTA
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the serum is acidic but the urine is alkaline, secondary to an inability to secrete protons into the urine.
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Type II (Proximal) RTA
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inability to reabsorb bicarbonate.
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Gross, painless hematauria
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Bladder tumor
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invade into the renal vein
RCC |
Renal Cell Carcinoma
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Urinary Tract Infection
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acute cystitis
painful bladder interstitital cystitits acute/chronic pylonephritis |
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Most common UTI pathogen
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E. Coli
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Inflammation of the bladder
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acute cystitis
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Hyperemia of the mucosa
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Acute cystitis
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Acute infection of the renal pelvis interstitum
Vesicoureteral reflux |
Acute pyelonephritis
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Abnormal flow of urine back to the ureters
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Vesicoureteral reflux
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Persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis that leads to scarring
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Chronic pyelonephritis
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Intratubular aggregations of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs).
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Pathogenesis of pathogens
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1. attachment to epithelium and causes inflammation
2. PMNS cross over epithelial wall into urine |
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Signs of glomerular damage
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Decreased glomerular membrane surface area
Glomerular capillary blood flow Blood hydrostatic pressure |
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Glomerularnephritis
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Inflammation of the glomerulus
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Mechanisms of Injury
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Depositions of circulating soluble antigen-antibody complexes
Formation of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane streptococcal release of NA |
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Goodpasture Syndrome
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Rapidly progressing glomerularnephritis (antibodies)
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Minimal change disease
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effacement of epithelial cells (podocytes) foot processes and loss of normal charge barrier
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Minimal change disease
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albumin leaks out and proteinemia ensues
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Focal glomeruloscelerosis
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Area of collagenous sclerosis runs across the middle of the glomerulus.
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Focal Glomerulosclerosis
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Chronic Kidney Failure
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Irreversible loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ systems
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Stages of chronic renal failure
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1. chronic renal insufficiency
2. chronic renal failure 3. end-stage renal failure |
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Hypospadias
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Chordee - phallus is completely separated from perineum or still tethered downwards from connective tissue or with undescended tissues
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Epispadias
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failure of midline penile fusion much earlier in embrogenesis
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Extrophy of the bladder
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malformation of the bladder and urethra in which bladder is "inside out"
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