Renal Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

ureters enter or exit at the?

Back 1

hilus

Front 2

the three sections of a kidney

Back 2

medulla, pelvis and cortex

Front 3

bowmans capsule is located in the?

Back 3

cortex

Front 4

the open end of bowmans capsule is called the

Back 4

urin pole

Front 5

juxtaglomerular cells are what kind of receptors

Back 5

baroreceptors

Front 6

juxtaglomerular cells produce, store and excrete?

Back 6

renin

Front 7

podocytes are where and the do what?

Back 7

in the glomerular capillaries, they create a space that contains nephrin this acts as a slit diaphram

Front 8

the glomerular capilaries are structurally related to what other structure in the body

Back 8

coricapilaris

Front 9

the glomerular capilaries are held together by what cells which are also phagocytic and contractile to control blood flow?

Back 9

mesangial cells

Front 10

control of blood flow in a nephron is innervated by sypathetic or parasympathetic

Back 10

sympathetic

Front 11

constriction of the afferent vessles cause the release of what? which then activates what?

Back 11

renin, which activates angiotension 2 pathway to constrict the efferent vessles

Front 12

PG constrict or dilate the renal vessles

Back 12

dilate

Front 13

NO and endothelin constrict or dilate the renal vessles

Back 13

constrict

Front 14

what cells are responsible for monitoring a decrease in concentration of sodium and chloride in the filtrate?

Back 14

maculadensa cells

Front 15

what is released in response to low sodium and chloride levels in the body?

Back 15

renin

Front 16

filtrate consists of

Back 16

water ions glucose aminno acids bicarb

Front 17

two major methods of reabsorption

Back 17

shared transporters (Na exchange) and sovent drag (hyperosmotic)

Front 18

what is reabsorped in the proximal tubule

Back 18

glucose, bicarb, amino acids, and other metabolites, (actively), also two thirds of sodium. chloride and water passively by following sodium

Front 19

at the entrance to the descending loop of henle is the filtrate isotonic hypertonic or hypotonic

Back 19

isotonic

Front 20

mid to lower descending loop, is it isotonic hypertonic or hypotonic

Back 20

hypertonic b/c only water is leaving

Front 21

what is reabsorped in the ascending portion of the loop?

Back 21

sodium, potassium and chloride

Front 22

at the top of the ascending loop what is the filtrate isotonic hypertonic or hypotonic

Back 22

hypotonic

Front 23

what controls the excretion of calcium in the distal tubule?

Back 23

parathyroid hormone. increased PTH increases the calcium reabsorption

Front 24

what is transfered in the distal tubule

Back 24

sodium and chloride are reabsorped and potassium in excreted along with calcium.

Front 25

what increases the activity in the collecting duct. sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

Back 25

aldosterone inceases this activity

Front 26

the release of ADH is b/c of low blood volume. what cells are responsible for this and where are they located

Back 26

juxta cells and they are typically in large vessles.

Front 27

prostaglandins, do they increase or decrease urin output?

Back 27

increase.

Front 28

three ways that PGs increase the urin output

Back 28

block ADH
prevent sodium reabsorption
and prevent potasium excretion

Front 29

______and______ both counter PGs and could cause edema and increased bp

Back 29

NSAIDS and steroids

Front 30

what is the main purpose for renin? and how does it do it

Back 30

to control bp. 1. causes the release of aldosterone which increases the Na reabsorption, 2. increases the release of ADH, and 3. increases thirst.and 4 the main player is angiotensin.

Front 31

the kidney produces what that controls RBC count

Back 31

erythropoietin

Front 32

the kidney produces what that helps with the conversion of vit.D to D3 and the absorption of calcium from intestine

Back 32

calcitrol

Front 33

what test is done by ingesting veg. starch and monitoring the urin levels

Back 33

glomerular filtration rate - takes too long

Front 34

what test presents the problem of muscle mass differences

Back 34

creatinine clearance rate.

Front 35

what is the normal creatinine level. what signifies damage

Back 35

100 mg/min. <60 =dz

Front 36

what kidney test is usually done for a routine test. what is normal

Back 36

sereum creatinine level. 1mg/100ml. if it double function is half.

Front 37

what test is done by testing for urea? what is normal

Back 37

the blood urea and nitrogen BUN test. normal is 1-20mg/dl