Renal

Front 1

Potter's syndrome

Back 1

bilateral renal agenesis-->oligohydramnios-->limb deformities, facial deformities, pulm hypoplasia
caused by malformation of utereric bud

Front 2

Horseshoe kidney

Back 2

inf poles of kidneys fuse; get trapped under IMA and remain low in abdomen

Front 3

RBC casts

Back 3

glomerular inflammation (nephrotic syndromes), ischemia, malignant hypertension

Front 4

WBC casts

Back 4

pyelonephritis, AIN

Front 5

bacterial casts

Back 5

pyelonephritis

Front 6

epithelial cell cast

Back 6

renal tubular damage

Front 7

waxy cast

Back 7

stasis of urine flow
advanced renal disease, CRF

Front 8

fatty cast

Back 8

nephrotic syndrome

Front 9

granular cast

Back 9

N/S, ATN

Front 10

nephritic syndrome

Back 10

hematuria, hypertension, oliguria, azotemia, mild proteinuria

Front 11

PSGN

Back 11

LM: glomeruli enlarged and hypercellular, neutrophils, lumpy bumpy
EM: subepi humps
IF: granular pattern
most often in children; peripheral and periorbital edema

Front 12

RPGN (cresentic)

Back 12

LM and IF: crescent moon shape
rapid course to renal failure
number of crescents indicates prognosis

Front 13

Goodpastures (type II HS)

Back 13

IF: linear pattern, anti-GBM AB
hemoptysis and hematuria

Front 14

MPGN

Back 14

EM: subendo humps, tram track
slow progress to renal failure

Front 15

IgA nephropathy (Bergers)

Back 15

IF and EM: mesangial deposits of IgA
mild disease, often post infectious

Front 16

Alports

Back 16

split basement membrane
collagen IV mutation
nerve deafness and ocular disorders

Front 17

Nephrotic syndrome

Back 17

massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, peripheral and periorbital edema, hyperlipidemia (fatty casts)

Front 18

membranous GN

Back 18

LM: diffuse capillary and BM thickening
IF: granular pattern
EM: spike and dome
most common cause of adult nephrotic syndrome

Front 19

MCD (lipoid nephrosis)

Back 19

LM: normal glomeruli
EM: foot process effacement
most common cause of childhood nephrotic syndrome, responds well to steroids

Front 20

FSGS

Back 20

LM: segmental sclerossi and hyalinosis, more severe in HIV pts

Front 21

Diabetic nephropathy

Back 21

LM: Kimmelstiel Wilson wire loop lesions, BM thickening
expansion of mesangial matrix

Front 22

SLE

Back 22

LM: in membranous glomerulonephritis pattern, wire loop lesion with subendo deposits

Front 23

Amyloidosis

Back 23

IF: congo red stain, apple green birefringence
assoc with multiple myeloma, chronic conditions, TB, RA

Front 24

Ca kidney stone

Back 24

most common; CaOx or CaP
conditions that cause hyperCa
radioopaque

Front 25

Struvite kidney stone

Back 25

Ammonium magnesium phosphate
caused by infection with urease positive bugs (Proteus, Staph, Kleb)
staghorn calculi
radioopaque, worsened by alkaluria

Front 26

Uric acid kidney stones

Back 26

assoc with hyperuricemia or result of disease with increased cell turnover
radiolucent
worsened by aciduria

Front 27

cysteine kidney stones

Back 27

radioopaque
tx with bicarb

Front 28

RCC

Back 28

men 50-70; increased incidenced with smoking and obesity
assoc with VHL
hematuria, palpable mass, polycythemia, flank pain, fever, weight loss; heme spread by IVC

Front 29

RCC paraneoplastic syndromes

Back 29

ectopic EPO, ACTH, PTHrP and prolactin

Front 30

Wilms tumor

Back 30

ages 2-4; presents with huge palpable flank mass, hemihypertrophy; deletion of TSG WT1 on chromo 11; can be part of WAGR complex- Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformation, MR

Front 31

transitional cell carc

Back 31

most common tumor of urinary tract system; painless hematuria
assoc: phenacetin, smoking, aniline dyes, cyclophosphamide, schistosomiasis

Front 32

Pyelonephritis- acute

Back 32

affects cortex with sparing of glomeruli/vessels
white cell casts in urine
fever, CVA tenderness

Front 33

Pyelonephritis- chronic

Back 33

coarse, assym corticomedullary scarring, blunted calyx; tubules contain eosinophilic casts (thyroidization of kidney)

Front 34

DCN

Back 34

acute generalized infarction of cortices of both kidneys; likely due to a combination of vasospasm and DIC
assoc with obstetic catastrophes and septic shock

Front 35

drug induced interstitial nephritis (AIN)

Back 35

acute interstitial renal inflammation
fever, rash, eosinophilia, hematuria 2 weeks after admin; drugs act as haptens inducing HS

Front 36

drugs causing AIN

Back 36

sulfa, cephalo, cipro, cimetidine, allopurinol, PPI, indinavir, salicylates

Front 37

ATN

Back 37

most common cause of ARF; reversible but fatal if untreated; assoc with renal ischemia (shock), crush injury (myoglobulinuria), toxins (AG, cephalo, polymixins, contrast dye)

Front 38

ATN pathogenesis

Back 38

loss of cell polaritiy, epithelial cell detachment, necrosis, granular casts
stages: inciting event, maintenance, recovery
death in oliguric phase

Front 39

renal papillary necrosis associated with

Back 39

diabetes, acute pyelonephritis, chronic phenacetin due, sickle ccell anemia

Front 40

fanconi's syndrome

Back 40

defect in proximal tubule transport of AA, glucose, phosphate, uric acid, protein and electrolytes
assoc with Rickets, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, met acid

Front 41

APKD

Back 41

multiple, large bilateral cysts that ultimately destroy parenchyma; presents with flank pain, hematuia, HTN, urinary infection, progressive renal failure
AD
assoc with polycystic liver dz, berry aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse

Front 42

Infantile PKD

Back 42

infantile presentation in parenchyma; AR
assoc with hepatic cysts and fibrosis

Front 43

dialysis cysts

Back 43

cortical and medulalry cysts resulting from long standing dialysis

Front 44

simple cysts

Back 44

benign, incidental finding
cortex only

Front 45

medullary cystic disease

Back 45

medullary cysts
U/S: small kidney
poor prognosis

Front 46

medullary sponge disease

Back 46

collecting duct cysts; good prognosis

Front 47

low Na

Back 47

disorientation, stupor, coma

Front 48

high Na

Back 48

neuro: irritability, delirum, coma

Front 49

if you correct Na too quickly

Back 49

central pontine myelinosis

Front 50

low Cl

Back 50

secondary to met alka

Front 51

high Cl

Back 51

secondary to non anion gap acidosis

Front 52

low K

Back 52

U waves on ECG; flattened T waves, arrythmias, paralysis

Front 53

high K

Back 53

peaked T waves, arrythmias

Front 54

low Ca

Back 54

tetany, NM irritability

Front 55

high Ca

Back 55

delirium, renal stones, ab pain

Front 56

low Mg

Back 56

NM irritability, arrythmias

Front 57

high Mg

Back 57

delirium, decr DTRs, cardiopulm arrest

Front 58

low PO4

Back 58

low mineal ion product causes bone loss

Front 59

high PO4

Back 59

high mineral ion product causes met calc, renal stones