Renal

Front 1

Three main functions of kidney

Back 1

1. Regulate the volume and composition of the extracellular fluid
2. Excrete metabolic waste products, end products of hemoglobin breakdown and foreign chemicals
3. Produce circulating factors (erythropoietin, renin, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Front 2

Functional Organization of the kidney

Back 2

nephrons, collecting ducts, pyramids, papillae, calyces, pelvis kidney, ureter

Front 3

urine flow

Back 3

kidney->ureter->bladder->urethra

Front 4

Blood supply of kidney

Back 4

renal arter, interlobular artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arterioles, glomerulus capillaries, efferent arteriole, pertitubular capillaries (cortex) or vasa recta (juxtamedullary region), venules, veins

Front 5

Nephron consits of

Back 5

renal corpuscle and tubule

Front 6

Renal corpuscle contains

Back 6

glomerus and fluid fluid capsule called Bowman's capsule

Front 7

When blood enters glomerulus

Back 7

fraction is fultered into Bowman'space as ultrafiltrate

fraction goes to efferent arterioles

Front 8

Corticle nephrons have ___ tubular systems

Back 8

short (They make up 80% OF nephrons)

Front 9

Juxtamedullary nephrons have ___corpuscles

Back 9

larger with longer descending and ascending loops of Henle in parallel with vasa recta

Front 10

Filtration barrier of glomerulus through which plasma which pass

Back 10

capillary endothelium with fenestrations (70nm), basement membrane (300-350 nm thick of negatively charged glycoproteins), epithelial viscleral layer of Bowmans capsule with podycytes and filtration slits (4-14nm).

Front 11

Requirements to pass filter

Back 11

1.8<x<3.6nm, cationic molecules

occasionally albumin does pass

Front 12

the segment that drains Bowman's capsule

Back 12

proximal tubule - reabsorbs solutes and water

Front 13

Loop of Henle

Back 13

Consist of descending limb coming from proximal tubule and ascending limb.
Responsible for the mechanism of concentration and dilution of the urine

Front 14

Place where final composition of urine is achieved through action of certain hormones

Back 14

distal tubule adn the collecting duct

Front 15

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 15

macular densa and juxtaglomerular cells

Front 16

juxtaglomerular cells secrete

Back 16

renin

Front 17

Nerve supply of kidney

Back 17

Has a rich sympathetic innervation particular of the arteriolar smooth muscle and tubulr system.

NO parasympathetic innervation

Front 18

Kidneys receive this volume of blood/min which is this percentage of cardiac output

Back 18

1200ml of blood/min and 25% of CO

Front 19

Percentage blood filtered as compared to that that enters efferent arterioles

Back 19

20% to 80%

Front 20

GFR

Back 20

Kf[(PGC-PBS)-(pGC-pBS)

Front 21

Amount excreted =

Back 21

Ex = Fx+Sx-Rx

Front 22

Filtered load =

Back 22

Fx = Px GFR

Front 23

Amount excreted

Back 23

Ex = Ux V

Front 24

If Ex<Fx

Back 24

net reabsoprtion of X by the tubules

Front 25

Ex>Fx

Back 25

X was secreted by the tubules

Front 26

Renal Clearance

Back 26

Cx=(Ux V)/Px

Front 27

The A-V O2 difference in kidney is

Back 27

Low because the blood flow is high relative to the metabolic needs

Front 28

THe O2 consuumption per unit gram is high because

Back 28

THe high expenditure of energy required to reabsorb filtered Na+.

Front 29

Passage of urine into bladder

Back 29

Periodic contraction in smooth musculature of calyces and pelvis, perstaltic waves at ureters, ureters enter bladder at the trigonum forming oblique valvular orifices, bladder has rugae that distends as fills.

Front 30

Muscular coat of bladder rugae

Back 30

Outer longitudinal, inner circular, thinner inner.

Front 31

At the base of bladder, middle muscular layer is midified into

Back 31

internal sphincter

Front 32

External urethral spincter has this type of muscle

Back 32

striated muscle

Front 33

Innervation of bladder and internal sphincter

Back 33

Sacral parasympathetic pelvic nerves (nervi erigentes) which synapse with postganglionic neurons in the bladder, postganglionic sympathetic fibers emerging from the hypogastric ganglia.

Front 34

Sympathetic nerve stimulation does this

Back 34

relaxes bladder and contracts internal sphincter

Front 35

Parasympathetic activity does this

Back 35

Contracts bladder and relaxes sphincter

Front 36

This innervates teh external sphincter

Back 36

sacral pudendal nerves

Front 37

Emptying of bladder is initiated by

Back 37

relaxation of the external sphincter

Front 38

Stretch receptors on bladder does this

Back 38

When reaches 400ml ormore of urine, sthey excite the parasympatheic outflow increasing the tone of the bladder and relaxing hte sphincter increasing desire to urinate.
Impules also reache higher in the brain.