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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The kidneys filter how much blood daily?
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1700 liters
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How much urine do the kidneys produce daily?
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1.5 liters
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Which kidney sits slightly lower in the body?
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the right kidney
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The renal artery and vein enter and exit at what point?
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the hilus
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Is there colateral circulation to the kidneys?
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no, the renal artery is the only source of blood supply to the kidneys
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The nephron is supplied by what 2 capillary networks?
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the glomerulus and the peritubular capillary network
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A unique, high-pressure capillary filtration system located between the afferent and the efferent arterioles
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the glomerulus
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A low-pressure reabsorptive system that originates from the efferent arteriole
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the peritubular capillary network
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Fluid and particles from the blood are filtered through the capillary membrane into a fluid-filled space in bowman's capsule called what?
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Bowman's space
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The fluid filtered through the glomerulus is called what?
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filtrate
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The majority of nephrons are what type?
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Cortical nephrons
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These have a short, thick loops of Henle and penetrate only a short distance into the medulla.
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Cortical nephrons
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These originate deeper in the cortex and have longer, thinner loops of Henle that penetrate the entire length of the medulla.
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Juxtamedullary nephrons
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Which nephrons are largely concerned with urine concentration?
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juxtamedullary nephrons
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What is normal GFR?
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125 ml/minute
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What is approximate capillary filtration pressure?
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60 mm Hg
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How does constriction of efferent arterioles affect GFR and glomerular pressure?
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it increases both GFR and glomerular pressure
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How does constriction of affernet arterioles affect renal blood flow, GFR and filtration pressure?
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it decreases all 3
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With strong sympathetic stimulation urine output can fall to almost zero. True or False?
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True
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Renal tubular cells have 2 surfaces through which substances must pass.
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the luminal membrane and the basolateral membrane
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Most of the energy consumed by the kidney is used for what?
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active sodium transport mechanisms
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What 2 things are passively absorbed in the kidney?
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water and urea
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65% of reabsorptive and secretory processes that occur in the tubular system occur where?
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proximal tubule
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Glucose, amino acids, lactate, and water-soluble vitamins are completely resorbed. True or False
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true
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Sodium, potassium chloride ad bicarbonate are ___% resorbed.
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65-80%
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the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed per unit of time is defined as what?
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transport maximum
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the plasma level at which the substance appears in the urine is defined as what?
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renal threshold
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What are the 3 segments of the loop of henle?
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the thin descending segment, the thin ascending segment, the thick ascending segment
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Fluid entering the loop of henle is iso-osmotic, hypo-osmotic or hyper-osmotic?
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enters as iso-osmotic and then becomes hypo-osmotic
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The descending limb is permeable to what?
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Highly permeable to water; Moderately permeable to urea, sodium and other ions
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The ascending limb is impermeable to what?
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water
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Which segment of the loop of henle requires energy?
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the thick segment
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The thick segment contains what type of cotransport system?
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Sodium/Potassium/Chloride
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Approximately what percent of the filtered sodium, potassium and chloride is reabsorbed in the thick loop of henle?
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20-25%
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The countercurrent mechanism controls what in the loop of henle?
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water and solute mvmt so that water is kept out of the peritubular area and sodium and urea are retained
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Calcium and magnesium are reabsorbed where?
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the thick ascending loop
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Distal convoluted tubule is permeable to water. True or False
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False, it is impermeable to water
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Calcium is actively reabsorbed where?
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distal convoluted tubule
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Aldosterone affects the reabsorption of what?
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sodium and potassium
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Where is the major site for regulation of potassium excretion by the kidney?
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late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule
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Principal cells do what?
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reabsorb sodium and water from filtrate, secrete potassium into filtrate, separate channels for sodium and potassium; no cotransport mechanism
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What do intercalated cells do?
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reabsorb potassium ions from filtrate and secrete hydrogen ions into filtrate
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This is where the urine becomes highly: concentrated, diluted, alkaline or acidic
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medullary collecting duct
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ADH has its effects where?
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medullary collecting duct
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How does ADH concentrate urine?
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by returning water to circulation
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What determines the permeability of collecting ducts to water?
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concentration of ADH
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What happens without ADH?
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dilute urine is formed
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What are the types of diuretics?
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loop, thiazide, potassium sparing
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Diuretics do what in the body?
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increase urine production
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What percent of sodium is resorbed in the loop of henle?
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25-30%
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What percent of sodium is resorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?
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10%
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Late distal and cortical collecting tubule resorb what percent of sodium?
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2-5%
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Where do loop diuretics exert their effects?
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the thick ascending loop of henle
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What are some negative effects of loop diuretics?
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increase uric acid retention, impair glucose tolerance, hypovolemia
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Where do thiazide exert their effects?
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precent the reabsorption of NaCl in the distal convoluted tubule
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Where do aldosterone antagonists exert their effects?
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reduce sodium reabsorption and increase potassium secretion in the late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule site regulated by Aldosterone
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Aldosterone antagonists interfere with secretion of hydrogen which can cause what?
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metabolic acidosis
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kidneys receive what percent of cardiac output?
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20-25%
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What are some vasoconstrictors?
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angiotensin II, ADH, Endothelins
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What are some vasodilators?
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Dopamine, Nitric Oxide, Prostaglandins
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Which cells produce renin?
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juxtamedullary cells
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A high protein diet can cause what?
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increase renal blood flow 20-30%
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What are the effects of high blood glucose levels?
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uncontrolled DM causes elevated renal blood flow and GFR
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This substance can be a quick estimate of GFR?
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inulin
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Renal clearance is determined by what?
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1. the ability of the substance to be filtered in the glomeruli
2. the capacity of the renal tubules to reabsorb or secrete the substance |
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The elimination of sodium and potassium is regulated by what?
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GFR, Aldosterone, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
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Aldosterone is secreted where?
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adrenal gland
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This is released from atrial muscle cells when the atria are stretched.
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
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What does ANP do?
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1. vasodilation of the afferent and efferent arterioles resulting in increased renal blood flow and GFR
2. inhibits aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland 3. inhibits ADH release from pituitary |
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How do the kidneys regulate pH?
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by conserving base bicarbonate and eliminating hydrogen ions
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All hydrogen ion elimination from the body is through the kidneys. True or False
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True
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What are the 3 major urine buffers?
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bicarbonate, phosphate, ammonia
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A product of purine metabolism.
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Uric Acid
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High levels of this can cause gout or kidney stones.
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Uric Acid
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This is an end product of protein metabolism.
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Urea
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What is the normal daily production of urea?
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25-30 g
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Normal BUN is in what range?
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8-25 mg/dl
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_______ is an enzyme that is synthesized and stored in the juxtaglomerular cells.
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Renin
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Renin is released in response to what 3 things?
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1. decrease in renal blood flow
2. change in composition of the distal tubular fluid 3. sympathetic nervous system stimulation |
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____________ is a polypeptide hormone that regulates the differentiation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
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erythropoietin
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Where is EPO formed?
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the kidneys
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Synthesis of EPO is stimulated by what?
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tissue hypoxia
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Activation of vitamin D occurs where?
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the kidneys
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What is the action of vitamin D?
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It increases calcium absorption from the GI tract and helps regulate calcium deposition in bone
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What are the 3 functions of the kidneys?
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1. filter the blood
2. selectively reabsorb substances needed to maintain proper body fluids 3. excrete metabolic wastes |
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Why should a freshly voided urine specimen be examined within 1 hour?
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red blood cells lyse, casts disintegrate, bacteria multiply
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What is the normal range for creatinine?
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0.6-2.1 mg/dl
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What is normal creatinine clearance?
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115-125 ml/minute
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Where is EPO formed?
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the kidneys
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Where is EPO formed?
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the kidneys
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What is the best test for renal sufficiency?
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creatinine
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Where is EPO formed?
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the kidneys
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Synthesis of EPO is stimulated by what?
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tissue hypoxia
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_____ is formed in the liver as a byproduct of protein metabolism.
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Urea
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Synthesis of EPO is stimulated by what?
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tissue hypoxia
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Synthesis of EPO is stimulated by what?
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tissue hypoxia
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Activation of vitamin D occurs where?
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the kidneys
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Activation of vitamin D occurs where?
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the kidneys
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Activation of vitamin D occurs where?
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the kidneys
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What is the action of vitamin D?
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It increases calcium absorption from the GI tract and helps regulate calcium deposition in bone
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What is the action of vitamin D?
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It increases calcium absorption from the GI tract and helps regulate calcium deposition in bone
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What is the action of vitamin D?
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It increases calcium absorption from the GI tract and helps regulate calcium deposition in bone
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What are the 3 functions of the kidneys?
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1. filter the blood
2. selectively reabsorb substances needed to maintain proper body fluids 3. excrete metabolic wastes |
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Why should a freshly voided urine specimen be examined within 1 hour?
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red blood cells lyse, casts disintegrate, bacteria multiply
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What is the normal range for creatinine?
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0.6-2.1 mg/dl
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