Renaissance To Romantic

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A goldsmith and sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise.

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Benvenuto Cellini

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A mercenary soldier of a political ruler.

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Condottiere

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The recovery and study of classical authors and writings

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Humanism

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The emphasis on the unique and creative personally

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Individualism

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The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchial authority often by Machiavellian means

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New Monarchs

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The application and use of reason in understanding and explaining events

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Rationalism

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The Emphasis on the here and now rather than on the spiritual and otherworldly

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Secularism

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A humanist who used historical criticism to discredit an eighth century document giving the papacy jurisdiction over western lands

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Lorenzo Valla

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the driving for personal excellence

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Virtu

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The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter Reformation

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Baroque

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Pious laypeople in sixteenth century holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living

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Brethren of Common Life

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A French Theologian who established a theocracy in geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination

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John Calvin

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Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands

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Charles V

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The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants

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Council of Trent

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A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read

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Index

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Papal pardon for remission of sins

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Indulgence

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a religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution

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Inquisition

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Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism

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Jesuits

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Calvinist leader in sixteenth century scotland

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John Knox

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German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Catholic world

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Martin Luther

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Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VIII for his unwillingness to recognize publicly his kind as supreme head of the church and clergy of England

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Sir Thomas More

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The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions

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Nepotism

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Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects

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Peace of Augsburg

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The holding of several benefices, or church offices

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Pluralism

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The selling of church offices

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Simony

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A community, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the state is subordinate to the church

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Theocracy

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The practice of lending money for interest

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Usury

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Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles

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Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632)

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Military leader sent by Philip n to pacify the Low Countries

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Duke of Alva (1508-1582)

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Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England.

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Armada (1588)`

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First European to reach the Pacific Ocean, 1513.

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Vasco de Balboa

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The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons.

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Catherine de Medici (1547-1589)

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First European to sail to the West Indies, 1492.

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Christopher Columbus

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Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots

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Concordat of Bologna (1516)

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Conqueror of the Aztecs, 1519-1521.

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Fernando Cortez

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The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.

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Defenestration of Prague

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First European to reach the southern tip of Africa, 14871488

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Bartholomew Diaz

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Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

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Dutch East India Company

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The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France

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Edict of Nantes (1598)

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Protestant ruler of England who helped stabilize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations.

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Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

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Sponsor of voyages along West African coasts, 1418.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass."

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Henry IV (1589-1610)

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-French Calvinists.

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Huguenots

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Circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-1522.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince-whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist-to choose the established creed of his territory.

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Peace of Westphalia (1648)

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Son and successor to Charles V, ruling Spain and the Low Countries.

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Philip II (1556-1598)

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Conqueror of Peru, 1532-1533.

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Francisco Pizarro

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Catholic attack on Calvinists on the marriage day of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV).

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St. Bartholemew's Day (August 24, 1572)

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Leader of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands.

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Prince William of Orange (1572-1584)

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Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

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Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

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The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.

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Absolutism

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English document declaring that sovereignty resided with Parliament.

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Bill of Rights (1689)

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Stuart King who brought conflict with parliament to a head and was subsequently executed.

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Charles I (1625-1649)

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Stuart king during the Restoration, following cromwells interregnum

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Charles II (1660-1683)

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The financial minister under the French King Loiis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies

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Colbert (1619-1683)

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The theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects and the state governed according to laws

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Constitutionalism

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The principal leader and a gentry member of the Puritans in Parliament

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Oliver Cromwell

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Radical groups in England in the 1650's who called for the abolition of private ownership and extension of the franchise

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Diggers and Levellers

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the belief that a monarch's power derives from god and represent Him on earth

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Divine Right Monarchy

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The Prussian ruler who expanded his territory by invading the duchy of silesia defeating maria theresa of Austira

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Fredrick the Great (1740-1786)

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The "Great Elector", who built a strong Prussian Army and infused military values into Prussian society

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Fredrick William (1640-1688)

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The style in seventeenth century art and literature resembling the arts in the ancient world and in the renaissance. The words of Poussin, Moliere, and Racine

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French Classicism

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The last aristocratic revolt against a french monarch

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Fronde

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A reference to the political events of 1688-1689 when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William or Orange

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Glorious Revolution

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The legal protection that prohibits the imprisonment of a subject without demonstrated cause

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Habeas Corpus

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Political Theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature

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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

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The period of Comwellian rule (1649-1659), between the stuart dynastic rules of Charles I and Charles II

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Interregnum

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Stuart Monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings

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James I (1603-1625)

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Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of william and mary, who agreed to the Bill of Right, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy

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James II (1685-1688)

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Political theorist who defended the Glorious revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

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John Locke (1632-1704)

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Also known as the Sun King; the ruler of France who established the supremacy of absolutism in seventeenth century Europe

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Louis XIV (1643-1715)

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Archduchess of Austria, queen of hungary who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia of Fredrick the Great but was able to keep her other Austrian Territories

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Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

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Governmental policies by which the state regulates the economy, through taxes tariffs, subsidies, laws

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Mercantilism

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the disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil war.

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New Model Army

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The pact concluding the war of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain and conferring control of Gibraltar on England

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Peace of Ultrecht (1713)

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the romanov czar who initiated the westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress

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Peter the Great (1682-1725)

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Parliamentary document that restricted the king's power. most notably, it called for recognition of the writ of habeas corpus and held that only Parliament could impose new taxes

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Petition of Rights (1628)

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A reference to the English civil war, waged to determine whether sovereignty would reside in the monarch or in parliament

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Puritan Revolution

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Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church or Roman catholic traces in practice and organization

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Puritans

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the return of the start monarchy 1660 after the period of republican government under cromwell - in fact a military dictatorship

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Restoration

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Law prohibiting Catholics and dissenters to hold political office

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Test Act (1673)

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Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside or Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility

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Versailles

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The last of Louis XIV's wars involving the issuer of succession to the Spanish Throne.

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War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

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Dutch prince and foe of Louis XIV who became king of England in 1689

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William of Orange (1672-1702)

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The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century BC to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries accorded with church teachings and scriptures

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Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology

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Inductive thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at truth

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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

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Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe

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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

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The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny

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Deism

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Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito, ergo sum challenged the notion of truck as being derived from tradition and striptures.

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Rene Descarte (1596-1650)

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The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which the philosophies stressed resin, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices.

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Enlightenment

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Italian Scientist who formulated terrestrial laws and the modern law of inertia; he also provided evidence for the copernican hypothesis

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Galileo (1564-1642)

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The economic concept of the scottish philosophy adam smith(1723-1790). in opposition to mercantilism, Smith urged governments to keep hands off the operation of the economy. He believed the role of government was analogous to the night watchman, guarding and protecting but not intervening in the operation of the economy, which must be left to run in accord with the natural laws of supply and demand

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Laissez-faire

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English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law.

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Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

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Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason

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Philosophes

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Organized bodies for scientific study

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Royal Society of London and French Academy of Sciences

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John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas

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Tabula Rasa

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Crime and punishment

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Cesare Beccaria

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Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind

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Condorcet

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Encyclopedia

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Denis Diderot

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An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding

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David Hume

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Two Treatises on Government; Essay on Human Understanding

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John Locke

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Spirit of the Laws, Persian Letters

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Montesquieu

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The Social Contract, Emile

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J.J. Rousseau

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Wealth of Nations

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Adam Smith

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Philosophical Letters; Candide

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Voltaire

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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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France prior to the French Revolution

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Ancien Regime

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Fees that peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village milll, bakeshop and winepress

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Banalities

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The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the kings concentration of troops at Versailles

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Bastille

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List of grievances that each estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789

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Cahier de Doleances

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The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France

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Code Napoleon

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The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795

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Committee of Public Safety

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Napoleons agreement with pope Pius VII to heal religious division in France with a united Catholic church under bishops appointed by the government

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Concordat 1801

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Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding importation of British goods into Europe

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Continental system

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Roadwork; an obligation of peasants to landowners

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Corvees

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overthrow of those in power

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Coup d'etat

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Austria and Prussia agreed to intervene in France to end the revolution with the unanimous agreement of the Great Powers

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Declaration of Pilnitz 1791

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Document that embodied the liberal revolutionary ideals and general principles of the philosophes writings

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen August 27, 1789

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The five man executive committee that ruled france in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power

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Directory (1795-1799)

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The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime

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Estates General

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The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives

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Great Fear

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The dominant group in the National convention in 1793 who replaced the Girondist. It was headed by Robespierre

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Jacobins

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The fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre's rule

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Law of Maximum

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the creation under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare

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Levee en Masse

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Consul and later emperor of France who established several of the reforms of the French Revolution during his dictatorial rule

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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Date of the declaration by liberal noblemen of the National Convention

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Night of August 4, 1789

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law court staffed by nobles that could register or refuse to register a kings edict

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Parlement

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Napoleon's long drawn out war with spain

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The Peninsula war

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Jacobin ruler during the reign or terror

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Robespierre (1758-1794)

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A reference to parisian workers who wore loose fitting trousers rather than the tight fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men

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Sans culottes

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A direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt

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Taille

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Declaration mainly by member of the third estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France

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Tennis Court Oath

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Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.

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Treaty of Tilsit 1807